Documentatie atasata la

Hidroizolatii si impermeabilizare pentru structuri din beton PENETRON

Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON PENETRON ADMIX, PENETRON, PENETRON PLUS

Limba: Engleza

74 afisari

Tip documentatie: Catalog, brosura

Pagina 1 - Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON...

Ad dvant tages of th Pe s he enetron® Integr ral Wa aterproofing Sy m with a fo ystem ocus on Penetr ® Admix ron A Conte ents 1. roduction ...................................... .................. .................................... ............................ 4 Intr 2. Pro oblems asso ociated with concrete w h waterproofin ............................... ng ............................ 4 2.1. Corrosion .................................. .................. n .................................... ............................ 5 2.2. Carbonation .............................. .................. .................................... ............................ 6 2.3. Cracking ................................... .................. .................................... ............................ 6 2.3 3.1. Plast shrinkage cracking . .................. tic .................................... ............................ 6 2.3 3.2. Dryin shrinkage ...............

Pagina 1-Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON PENETRON ADMIX,...

Pagina 2 - Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON...

.................. ng e .................................... ............................ 7 2.3 3.3. Thermal cracks .................. .................. .................................... ............................ 7 2.3 3.4. D-Cr racking ........................ .................. .................................... ............................ 7 2.4. 2.5. Damage d to freez due ze-thaw cyc cles ............ .................................... ............................ 9 2.6. Concrete deterioratio due to ch on hemical atta .............................. ack .......................... 10 2.7. Sulfate at ttack ............................ .................. .................................... .......................... 11 2.8. 3. Alkali Silic Reaction (ASR) ..... .................. ca n .................................... ............................ 8 Concrete structures in marine e environment ................................. ts .......................... 11

Pagina 2-Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON PENETRON ADMIX,...

Pagina 3 - Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON...

aterproofing with Penet g tron Admix .................. .................................... .......................... 12 Wa 3.1. How it wo orks ............................. .................. .................................... .......................... 12 3.2. Features and benefit of Penetr Admix .. ts ron .................................... .......................... 13 3.2 2.1. Perm manent conc crete protec ction ........... .................................... .......................... 13 3.2 2.2. Self-healing con ncrete ......... .................. .................................... .......................... 14 3.2 2.3. Corro osion protec ction of rein nforcement steel with Penetron Ad P dmix................... 16 3.2 2.4. Prote ection again chloride penetration .................................. nst n .......................... 17 3.2 2.5. Prote ection again carbona tion ............ nst .................................... .......................... 19 3.

Pagina 3-Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON PENETRON ADMIX,...

Pagina 4 - Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON...

2 2.6. Crack bridging ability of Pe netron ....... a .................................... .......................... 19 3.2 2.7. Incre ease in compressive str rength ........ .................................... .......................... 22 3.2 2.8. Resis stance agai inst high wa pressur ................................ ater re .......................... 22 3.2 2.9. Chem mical resista ance .......... .................. .................................... .......................... 25 3.2 2.10. Resis stance to fre eeze-thaw c cycles ........ .................................... .......................... 28 3.2 2.11. Compatibility wit common ly-used con th ncrete mix designs (Pe d enetron Adm .. 28 mix) 3.2 2.12. Preve ention of Alkali-Silica-R Reaction (A ASR) ............................. .......................... 29 3.2 2.13. Limitations ......................... .................. .................................... .......................... 29 3.2 2.13.1. Co joints ..

Pagina 4-Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON PENETRON ADMIX,...

Pagina 5 - Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON...

.................... .................. old .................................... .......................... 30 3.2 2.13.2. Ac ctive leaks .................... .................. .................................... .......................... 30 3.2 2.13.3. Co oncrete defe ............ .................. ects .................................... .......................... 30 Page | 1 3.2 2.13.4. Str ructural crac ............ .................. cks .................................... .......................... 30 3.2 2.13.5. Ex xposed conc crete structu ures (therm cracks).................... mal .......................... 30 4. At one glance - Benefit ov verview ..... .................. .................................... .......................... 31 5. omparison o Penetron products w other wa of with aterproofing systems .. g .......................... 32 Co 5.1. 6. Comparis between Penetron and hydrop son n phobic pore blockers ... ..........................

Pagina 5-Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON PENETRON ADMIX,...

Pagina 6 - Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON...

34 Application ins structions – Penetron A Admix ........ .................................... .......................... 35 6.1. Descriptio ................................ .................. on .................................... .......................... 35 6.2. Dosage R ............................. .................. Rate .................................... .......................... 36 6.3. Mixing ....................................... .................. .................................... .......................... 36 6.3 3.1. Read Mix Plant – Dry Batc Operatio ................................. dy ch on .......................... 36 6.3 3.2. Read Mix Plant - Central M Operation ............................... dy Mix .......................... 36 6.3 3.3. Preca Batch Plant ........... .................. ast P .................................... .......................... 36 6.3 3.4. Tech hnical Servic ............ .................. ces ...................

Pagina 6-Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON PENETRON ADMIX,...

Pagina 7 - Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON...

................. .......................... 36 6.4. Setting tim and stre me ength .......... .................. .................................... .......................... 37 Limitations ............................. .................. .................................... .......................... 37 6.5 5. 7. Application ins structions – Penetron . .................. .................................... .......................... 37 7.1. Descriptio ................................ .................. on .................................... .......................... 37 7.2. Consump ption ............................ .................. .................................... .......................... 37 2.1. 7.2 Cons struction sla ............. .................. abs .................................... .......................... 37 7.2 2.2. Cons struction join ............. .................. nts .................................... .......................... 38 7.2 2

Pagina 7-Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON PENETRON ADMIX,...

Pagina 8 - Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON...

.3. Blind ding concret ............... .................. te .................................... .......................... 38 7.3. Surface P Preparation.................. .................. .................................... .......................... 38 7.4. Mixing ....................................... .................. .................................... .......................... 38 7.5. Applicatio ................................ .................. on .................................... .......................... 38 7.5 5.1. Slurr consisten ............. .................. ry ncy .................................... .......................... 38 7.5 5.2. Dry p powder consistency (fo horizontal surface on ............. or nly) .......................... 38 7.6 6. 8. Post tre eatment ....................... .................. .................................... .......................... 38 Application ins structions – Penetron P Plus ........... ...........

Pagina 8-Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON PENETRON ADMIX,...

Pagina 9 - Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON...

......................... .......................... 39 8.1. 8.2. Coverage .................................. .................. e .................................... .......................... 39 8.3. Applicatio Procedur ............. .................. on res .................................... .......................... 39 8.4. Curing ....................................... .................. .................................... .......................... 40 8.5. 9. Descriptio ................................ .................. on .................................... .......................... 39 Technical Services ................... .................. .................................... .......................... 40 Co ontact and D Disclaimer.................... .................. .................................... .......................... 40 Page | 2 Table o Figures of n .................................... ............................ 5 Figure 1 C

Pagina 9-Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON PENETRON ADMIX,...

Pagina 10 - Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON...

orrosion stages ....................... .................. Figure 2 Example of plastic sh hrinkage cra acks ........... .................................... ............................ 8 Figure 3 Example of drying sh hrinkage cra acks ........... .................................... ............................ 8 Figure 4 Example of thermal cracking .... .................. c .................................... ............................ 8 Figure 5 Example of D-crackin .............. .................. ng .................................... ............................ 8 Figure 6 Scanning electron microscope i mage of chert aggrega particle w numerous ate with internal cracks due to ASR; cr e racks exten into the adjacent cem nd a ment paste ........................... 9 aggregate showing alk s kali-silica ge extruded into cracks within the concrete. el c Figure 7 Detail of a Ettringit is also pr te resent within some cra cks ............ .................................... ......

Pagina 10-Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON PENETRON ADMIX,...

Pagina 11 - Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON...

...................... 9 Figure 8 Examples of ASR da s amage ........ .................. .................................... ............................ 9 Figure 9 Example of freeze-th haw damage on roads and bridge decks ........ e .......................... 10 Figure 1 Example of concret damage c 10 e te caused by chemical attack ........... c .......................... 11 Figure 1 How Pen 11 netron work ............... .................. ks .................................... .......................... 13 Figure 1 Scanning Electron Microscope Photograp of Penetr crystals ......................... 13 12 M e ph ron s Figure 1 Test setup, MFPA Leipzig, Ger 13 L rmany, 200 ................................. 06 .......................... 14 Figure 1 Water flo through 0.2mm cra ck at water pressures of 0.1, 0.5 a 1.0 bar ....... 15 14 ow and r Figure 1 Water flo through 0.25mm cr 15 ow rack at wate pressures of 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 ba ..... 15 er s 5 ar Figure 1 Excerpt: Permeability of Pen

Pagina 11-Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON PENETRON ADMIX,...

Pagina 12 - Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON...

et 16 tron-Admix-treated con ncrete vs. co ontrol samp ple (ENCO, 2006) ......................................... .................. .................................... .......................... 17 17 ASHTO-T-2 277: Shimel and Figure 1 Excerpt: Chloride permeability of Penetron Admix (AA Sor, US 2005) ...................................... .................. SA, .................................... .......................... 18 Figure 1 Excerpt: Results of the rapid c hloride penetration tes at Sardar Patel, India 2009 18 st a, ................................................................ .................. .................................... .......................... 18 19 h rtocel, Aracruz, Brazil.. .......................... 19 Figure 1 Seawall treated with Penetron Admix, Por Figure 2 The Cap Miami Bay, USA. B 20 pri, Basement st tructure trea ated with Pe enetron Adm ... 19 mix Figure 2 Backsca 21 attered Elec ctron Image (BEI) of Pe enetron crys stals formin g in a crack .

Pagina 12-Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON PENETRON ADMIX,...

Pagina 13 - Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON...

..... 20 k. Figure 2 Needle-l 22 like, elonga ated Penetro forming in the crack ............... on i ks .......................... 20 Figure 2 Excerpt: Permeability results o cracked concrete sam 23 of c mples treate with Pen ed netron ................................................................ .................. .................................... .......................... 21 Figure 2 OFI sam 24 mple set-up (Penetron “ “sandwich-s system”) ...................... .......................... 21 Figure 2 Excerpt: Test result for Penet 25 ts tron Admix under 20 ba head wat pressure ar ter e, Univers of Bolog sity gna, Italy, 20 ........... .................. 005 .................................... .......................... 25 Figure 2 University of Bologn Chemic resistanc test - Tes set up ..... 26 na: cal ce st .......................... 26 Figure 2 University of Bologn Chemic resistanc test - results ............ 27 na: cal ce .......................... 27 Figure 2 Milan S

Pagina 13-Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON PENETRON ADMIX,...

Pagina 14 - Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON...

o 28 outh Waste Water Trea atment Plan Italy ......................... nt, .......................... 28 Figure 2 SABESP Sewage Treatment P 29 P T Plant, Brazil ................................... l .......................... 28 Page | 3 1. Intr roduction on concrete ca apillary wate erproofing systems are being used for more than d Penetro integral c three de ecades to e effectively waterproof a protect concrete structures aro w and ound the wo orld. This do ocument exp plains the most commo problems associated with conc m on s crete structu in ure contact with water and under different en nvironmenta conditions al s. xt aborates on how to add n dress and prevent thes problems with the help of p se s The tex further ela ® Penetro integral concrete capillary wat on terproofing systems in order to en nhance the durability of concre and effe ete ectively prot tect structur res. oblems associated wit concrete waterpro th e oofing 2. Pro ost nly-used ma made co an ons

Pagina 14-Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON PENETRON ADMIX,...

Pagina 15 - Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON...

truction material in t world. It m the t Concrete is the mo common ses vely good re esistance to water and structural concrete ele o d c ements can be n possess a relativ shaped rather easily into vario shapes and sizes. Despite its durability, c ous concrete – even high-qu uality concre etes – is a porous mate p erial. Evapo orating exce water in the hydration ess n stage o the concre will leav millions o pores and capillaries in concrete Further the of ete ve of d s e. interfac transmis cial ssion zones (IZT) – a p of the concrete mic s part c crostructure that describes the e zone, w which exists between th hydrated cement pa he d aste and large particles of aggrega – s ate are prone to cracking during the hardenin stage of the concret due to sh ng te hrinkage, tempera ature stress and exte ses ernally appllied loads. These micro T ocracks in t interfaci the ial transitio zone are usually larger than mo capillary cavities pr on e ost y resent in the concrete. The e pores a m

Pagina 15-Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON PENETRON ADMIX,...

Pagina 16 - Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON...

icrocra and acks (espec cially if inter rconnected throughout the concre t ete) increase the e porosity of the concrete matrix and will a llow air and water to en the har y x d nter rdened conc crete. This wil result in corrosion of the embedd reinforc ll ded cement stee and in oth concrete el her damage caused b water-bo es by orne salts an chemica and furth contribut to the nd als her te deterior ration and w weakening the strength of the concrete, direc affecting its durability. t h ctly g Water ( (seawater, g groundwate river wate lake wat snow, ic and vapo is a prim er, er, ter, ce or) mary agent fo both crea or ation and de estruction o concrete – and is dee of eply involve in nearly every ed form of concrete de eterioration. Field expe erience sho that, in order of dec ows creasing importa ance, the principal caus for dete ses erioration ar the corros re sion of reinf forced steel, exposure to cycles of freezing and thawin alkali-silica reaction and chem s g ng, n, mical attac

Pagina 16-Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON PENETRON ADMIX,...

Pagina 17 - Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON...

k k. ach e es ete ation, the pe ermeability and presen of nce With ea of these four cause of concre deteriora water a implicate in the me are ed echanisms o expansio and cracking. of on oblem of porosity and cracking of c c concrete is increased in structures that are i s The pro constan exposed to differen loads, str ntly d nt ress redistribution and tectonic seiismic influences. The following chap focuses on the maj deterioration cause of concre pter s ajor es ete: Page | 4 2.1. Corrosion rrosion of th steel rein he nforcement is the most common source of dis t stress in concrete, The cor especia concrete that is located near o under water. Corrosion of steel is an ally e or electroc chemical pr rocess and basically is the transformation of metallic iron to rust, wh m n hich is accomp panied by an increase in volume (w ome cases – depending on the sta of g ate which in so oxidatio - can be as much as 600 perce of the or on s ent riginal steel) This expa ). ansion o

Pagina 17-Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON PENETRON ADMIX,...

Pagina 18 - Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON...

f the rebar e is then leading to c concrete expansion an d cracking, followed by spalling an eventually to a y nd complete loss of th concrete cover. The final result will be the weakening of the struc he e t g ctures’ h ately its failu ure. strength and ultima Corrosion can occur when two dissimilar metals are embedded into concre (such as e.g. o r e d ete steel an aluminum because each meta has a uni nd m), e al ique electro ochemical p potential. Th he concret then effec te ctively beco omes a batt tery. When the metals are in conta in an ele act ectrolyte, the less active met corrodes s tal s. If only o type of steel is present in the concrete, corrosion is generated b differenc in one c by ces the concentration o dissolved ions, such as alkalies and chlorid of d h s des. These ions are introduc to the c ced concrete by water pene etrating into the pores and microcr a racks. Figure 1 Corrosion st tages Hydrate Portland cement contains alkallies in the pore fluid and a sufficie

Pagina 18-Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON PENETRON ADMIX,...

Pagina 19 - Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON...

nt amount of solid ed o calcium hydroxide in order to maintain an alkalinity level with a pH value a m n l above 12. In an n alkaline environme (pH valu above 11 normal steel and ir form a t e ent ue 1.5) ron thin, imperm meable and stro ongly adher rent iron-oxide film that makes the metals passive to cor t e rrosion. How wever, once the alkalies a most of the calcium hydroxide have eithe carbonate or leache away, and m e er ed ed einforcemen may drop below 11.5 destroying the nt p 5 g the pH of the concrete surrounding the re ty and g s nce passivit of steel a allowing the corros ion process to start. In the presen of chloride ions the pas ssivating film is destroy even at pH values of above 11 The ma causes of m yed 1.5. ain o chloride in concrete are admix e xtures, salt-contaminat aggrega and pen ted ate netration of deicing salt solu utions and s seawater. Page | 5 2.2. Carbonatio on rs rbon dioxide from the air penetrate the concr e a es rete and rea acts Carbon

Pagina 19-Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON PENETRON ADMIX,...

Pagina 20 - Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON...

ation occur when car droxides, su as calcium hydrox ide, to form carbonates In the rea uch m s. action with calcium c with hyd hydroxide, calcium carbonate is formed. m action reduc the pH of the pore solution to as low as 8.5, at which level the passive ces 8 h p This rea iron-oxide film of th steel is not stable a nd corrosion will set in. he n ent relative hum midity of the concrete. T highest rates The t Carbonation is highly depende on the r of carbo onation occ when the relative hu cur e umidity is maintained between 50% and 75% Below m b % %. 25% rel lative humid dity, the deg gree of carb bonation tha takes place is consid at dered insign nificant. Above 7 75% relative humidity, moisture in the pores restricts CO penetrat e n O2 tion. Carbon nationinduced corrosion often occur on areas of building facades tha are expos to rainf d rs at sed fall, shaded from sunlig and hav low conc ght, ve crete cover over the reinforcing ste eel. ncrete also lowers the amount of chloride ions n

Pagina 20-Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON PENETRON ADMIX,...

Pagina 21 - Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON...

eeded to promote c o Carbonation of con on. concrete wit a pH of 1 to 13, ab th 12 bout 7,000 to 8,000 ppm of chlorides are o m corrosio In new c required to start co d orrosion of embedded s e steel. If, how wever, the pH is lowere to a rang of 10 p red ge to 11, th chloride threshold fo corrosion is significa he or n antly lower— or below 100 ppm. Like —at w rcement, bu does chloride ions, howe e ever, carbonation dest troys the pa assive film of the reinfor o ut not influ uence the ra of corrosion. ate 2.3. Cracking ncrease the porosity of concrete and allow water and wa e f a ater-borne salts s Cracks generally in emicals to e enter the co oncrete and accelerate its deterioration. Crack king of conc crete and che can hav a numbe of causes In this doc ve er s. cument we only want to focus on t most co the ommon types of cracks in c f concrete str ructures. 2.3.1. Plas shrinkage cracking stic g cracks occu due to a r ur rapid loss of water from the surfac of concre f m ce ete P

Pagina 21-Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON PENETRON ADMIX,...

Pagina 22 - Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON...

lastic shrinkage c before i has set. T it This happen when the rate of eva ns e aporation of surface mo f oisture of fr reshly placed concrete ex xceeds the rate at whic bleed wa can replace it. Ten ch ater nsile stresse es develop in the wea hardenin plastic co p ak, ng oncrete as a result of the restraint provided by the t b concret below the drying sur te e rface layer. Plastic shrinkage cracks are usua shallow in ally crack they provide nature a do not intersect the perimeter of the slab However, like every c and r b. a possible entry-po for wate and chem oint er micals into the concrete structure a as such a t e and h e s. starting point of the deterioration process Page | 6 2.3.2. Drying shrinkag ge As almo every co ost oncrete mix design con x ntains more water than is needed to hydrate the e n cement much of th remainin water eva t, he ng aporates, causing the concrete to shrink. Res o straint to shrinkage, provided by the subgrade, reinforceme or anoth part of th str

Pagina 22-Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON PENETRON ADMIX,...

Pagina 23 - Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON...

ucture ent her he e, causes tensile stre esses to dev velop in the hardened concrete. Restraint to d e R drying shrin nkage is st oncrete crac cking. the mos common cause of co ermal cracks s 2.3.3. The Therma cracking t al takes place if an exces ssive tempe erature difference exists within a concrete s c structur or its surr re roundings. This differe nce in temp T perature cau uses a high contraction of her the coo portion o oler over the wa armer part o the concrete. This restrains the contraction If the of n. restrain causes te nt ensile stress that exc ses ceed the pla aced concre ete’s tensile strength, th e hermal cracks w occur. In some clim will mate zones thermal cra acks can oc ccur as a res of the sult atmosp pheric tempe erature diffe erences. Du uring daytim high temperatures c me cause the co oncrete to heat up and exp pand. At night the air te emperature falls signific cantly and l eading to a contrac ction of the c concrete ma ass. This ca cause co an oncrete to cr

Pagina 23-Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON PENETRON ADMIX,...

Pagina 24 - Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON...

ack. Due t the expan c to nsion and con ntraction of the concret in air tem te mperature di ifferences th hese cracks widen furt s ther over tim me. Cracking 2.3.4. D-C rm e-thaw-cycle deteriorat e tion and ofte observed in concrete en d D-cracking is a for of freeze ents (usually taking pla along th joints). Water accum ace he W mulation in t base of the the paveme the concret ultimately saturates the aggrega Once fr te y ate. ree-thaw cy ycles set in t aggrega ate begins to crack and subseque ently crack o open the co oncrete. This process u usually start at the ts esses upwar to the surface. rds bottom of the slab and progre Page | 7 Figure 2 E Example of plas stic shrinkage c cracks Figur re 3 Example of f drying shrinka age cracks Figure 4 E Example of ther rmal cracking Figur re 5 Example of f D‐cracking 2.4. Alkali Silica Reaction (ASR) on ommon form of alkali-a m aggregate re eaction (AA – AR) Alkali-silica reactio (ASR) is the most co e

Pagina 24-Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON PENETRON ADMIX,...

Pagina 25 - Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON...

r much less co ommon form alkali-car m rbonate-reaction ACR – and can cause c togethe with the m serious expansion and crackin in concre resultin in major structural p ng ete, ng s problems an nd sometim necess mes sary demolit tion. ASR is caused by a reaction of between the hydrox ions s y n xyl in the a alkaline cem ment pore so olution in the concrete and reactive forms of s e silica in the aggrega (e.g. chert, quartzit opal, stra ate te, ained quart crystals). A gel is pro tz oduced, tha at increases in volum by taking up water a so exert an expan me g and ts nsive pressu ure, resultin in the ng of . an n egate particles. failure o concrete. This gel ca occur in cracks and even within the aggre In order for ASR to occur in co r o oncrete a s ufficiently high alkali co h ontent of the cement (o alkali or e from oth sources a reactive aggregate (e.g. cher or quartzit and fina water is needed her s), e rt te) ally Page | 8 for the r reaction. If no water is present in t c

Pagina 25-Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON PENETRON ADMIX,...

Pagina 26 - Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON...

oncret no ASR will take pla as the alkalithe te, w ace a silica ge formation requires water. el n w The bes way to av st void ASR is to use non s n-reactive ag ggregates, which are n always not availabl In this ca it is ess le. ase sential for th concrete mix design to be aw he ner ware of the Na2ON equivale (in %) o all produc used in t concrete mix. This is to ensure that the Na2O ent of cts the e e N equivale value do not exc ent oes ceed the acc ceptable am mount per m3 (usually s around set 3.5kg/m3). m Figure 6 S Scanning electro on microscope image of chert t aggregate e particle with n numerous internal cracks due e to ASR; crack ks extend into the adjacent ce ement paste Figure e 7 Detail of ag ggregate showi ng alkali‐silica gel extruded into cracks s within the co oncrete. Ettring gite is also prese ent within some e cracks Figure 8 E Examples of ASR damage 2.5. Damage d to freeze due e-thaw cycl es amage to co onc

Pagina 26-Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON PENETRON ADMIX,...

Pagina 27 - Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON...

rete pav vements, ret taining walls bridge de s, ecks and railings In cold climates da able to freez ze-thaw cyc cles is one o the major causes for repair and maintenan of d nce attributa works. W Water mole ecules are very small a therefor able to pe v and re enetrate eve the fines en st concret pores and capillaries Once wat has ente te d s. ter ered the cap pillary syste and free em ezes it will exp pand in volume and dila the conc ate crete pore or cavity by exerting hy o ydraulic pres ssure generat by the e ted expansion. This pressu will slow – over th span of m T ure wly he multiple cycles – Page | 9 widen the pores or capillaries. Once the w r water in the pores thaw it will adv e ws vance deep into per the concrete where the proces is repeat once the water in freezes aga and so fo e ss ted ain orth. haw cycles are most co ommonly cr racking and spalling of d f Damages caused by freeze-th te ogressive expansion o the cemen paste. Th freeze-th e of nt he haw effect

Pagina 27-Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON PENETRON ADMIX,...

Pagina 28 - Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON...

is s concret due to pro drastica enhance if moistu and deic ally ed ure cing salts – used in roa maintena ad ance – are present, p which c lead to m can maximum scaling of th concrete surface. Sp s he palling and c cracking of the concret will ultima te ately expose the embe e edded reinfo orcement steel to corro osion due to o chloride and water penetration e r n. Figure 9 E Example of free eze‐thaw damage on roads an nd bridge decks s deterioration due to ch emical attack 2.6. Concrete d hydrated ce ement paste provides a very alkaline environm e ment in con ncrete with pH p A well-h values r ranging from 12.5 to 13 As a re m 3.5. esult of the contact betw c ween acidic environme c ental conditio and the concrete th alkaline environmen is disturb and lead to a lower ons his nt bed d ring of the pH level. Depe ending on th acidity of the attacking chemica concrete d he f al deteriorates slower s or faste The effec of concr er. cts retes under chemical atta

Pagina 28-Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON PENETRON ADMIX,...

Pagina 29 - Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON...

ck alway result in a increase of the ys an e porosity and perme y eability, cracking and s spalling and subsequen in a los of strengt The d ntly ss th. combination of the physical de e eterioration and persisting exposu to the ch ure hemical atta ack continue and accelerate the deterioration of the concrete over time. d n t cal cks s Chemic attacks involve attac by acid ic solutions promoting the formati on of soluble calcium salts, insoluble and non-expansi ve calcium salts and solutions con m ntaining magnes sium salts. In the follow wing contex this docum xt ment will foc on othe chemical attacks cus er that involve the for rmation of expansive p roducts (du to interna stress), su as sulfa e ue al ate uch attacks, delayed et ttringite form mation, alka ali-aggregat reaction (AAR) and c te ( corrosion. Page | 10 Figure 10 E Example of con ncrete damage caused by chem mical attack 2.7. Sulfate attack n pansion and cracking of concrete or lead to a d o Sulfat

Pagina 29-Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON PENETRON ADMIX,...

Pagina 30 - Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON...

e attacks can result either in an exp l in pressive stre ength. gradual decrease i the comp Crackin and spall ng ling allows aggressive and corrosive (ground) water to p a penetrate more m easily a a direct re as esult of incr reased perm meability, which will eff w fectively acc celerate the e deterior ration of the affected co e oncrete. Th is also kn his nown as external sulfa attack. ate A weak kening of the concrete is achieved through the detachme of the ce e i e ent ement paste from e the agg gregates, su as caus by delay ettringit formation (DEF), wh uch sed yed te n hich is usually conside ered as internal sulfate attack as it involves sulfate ions contained in the concre (e.g. t c n ete cement containing an unusua high sulf t ally fate content DEF causes cracks in the ceme t). ent paste a the aggr and regate-cement paste in nterface res sulting from an expans ion due to the t formatio of ettring around the aggrega on gite ates. DEF occurs in the late ages of the conc o s cret

Pagina 30-Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON PENETRON ADMIX,...

Pagina 31 - Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON...

e when su ulfate ions r released by the decom y mposition of ettringite are absorbed by calcium d msilicate hydrate. On the sulf nce fate ions are desorbed, the re-form e mation of et ttringite cau uses expansion that leads to cracking. structures in marine en n nvironments s 2.8. Concrete s arine environ nment conc crete is expo osed to a co ombination of deteriora ation effects s. In a ma These include prim marily the ch hemical rea ction of sea awater with the concret penetrat te, tion of nd s tting/drying conditions, freeze-thaw w-cycles in cold climat tes, salts an chlorides during wet corrosio of the reinforcement steel and physical ero on osion due to wave acti on. Due to o bear higher risks of intermin ngling of the effects concrete st ese tructures in marine env vironments b r Page | 11 deterior ration and s special cons siderations should be taken into account in or t rder to ensu the ure durability of these structures. terproofing with Pene g etron Adm ix 3. Wat

Pagina 31-Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON PENETRON ADMIX,...

Pagina 32 - Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON...

on ation crysta lline, concre ete-enhancing admixtu ure, is the most m Penetro Admix, a 3rd genera advanced formula to effective waterpro concrete structures. It eliminate problems ely oof e es s related with 1st and 2nd gene eration admiixtures such as loss of compressiv strength and h f ve ally ays s . unusua long dela of the setting time. Penetro Admix ca be applie to any co on an ed ommonly-us concret mix in tod sed te day’s’ const truction industry It doesn’t have any known incom y. t k mpatibilities with other workability enhancing s admixtu ures such as retarders or superpla astizicers an there are no limitatio in regards to nd e ons the w/c ratio of the concrete to be treated With dosa e o d. ages rates as low as 0 .8% (by we a eight of t) nly he st-efficient and econom waterpro a mic oofing choic ces, but cement it is not on one of th most cos an effec ctive formula that has been prove n in many in b nternational laboratory tests and on y o countless projects worldwid

Pagina 32-Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON PENETRON ADMIX,...

Pagina 33 - Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON...

e. on c nd ved Penetro Admix is a non-toxic product an is approv for use in projects involving potable water (N NSF 61 app proval, Euro opean Envir ronmental License). Pe L enetron Adm does no mix ot contain any volatile organic co e ompounds ( (VOC) and is used in green projec acquiring LEED g cts certifica ation points. . When a applied to c concrete Pe enetron Adm assists in the hydra mix i ation proces acting as a ss s catalyst to un-hydr t rated cemen particles already existing in the concrete. T nt This already takes y place in the early s n stages of the cement-re eaction resu ulting in the developme of intern e ent nal strength build up c h compensatin to some extent the formation of shrinkage cracks as well as ng f e w the incr rease in com mpressive strength. At the same time a longe workabilit of the fresh s er ty concret is provide te ed. rks 3.1. How it wor on he e Penetro Admix is added to th concrete mix at the time of batching at dos sage rates between 0.8-1% by wei

Pagina 33-Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON PENETRON ADMIX,...

Pagina 34 - Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON...

ght of cement (alt y ternatively Penetron Admix can be added into the P e truck on site before the concrete iis poured). The activating chemica of Penetron e e als mixing t Admix r react with w water, calciu hydroxid and alum um de minum as we as other metal oxide ell es contained in the co oncrete to fo a web o insoluble crystals. These crysta seal all existing orm of e als e capillaries, micro-c cracks and voids of up to 0.4mm fo the lifetim of the co v or me oncrete. On nce , l s nt ater-borne salts and a w s wide range of formed, the crystal formations will preven water, wa chemica from entering and moving thro als m ough the concrete and protect it pe ermanently. Air is still allo owed to pass through th crystallin formation allowing the concret to breath and he ne ns te he avoiding build-up o vapor pre g of essure. Page | 12 Penetro Admix will subseque on ently enhan concrete properties resulting in an increased nce e s n compre essive strength and red duced shrink kage

Pagina 34-Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON PENETRON ADMIX,...

Pagina 35 - Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON...

cracks s. In addit tion Penetro Admix will provide a “self-healin concrete. In absen of moist on ng” nce ture the activatin chemica remain dormant in t he concrete for years. If cracks oc ng als d e ccur at any time the Pen netron Admix compone ents are act ivated by an penetrating moistur As a result the ny re. chemica reaction w resume automatica and the developing crystals w practically “selfal will ally g will heal” th new crac sealing it off comple he ck, t etely. Figure 11 How Penetr works ron and s on 3.2. Features a benefits of Penetro Admix 3.2.1. Per rmanent con ncrete prote ection on ent mes Penetro Admix is a permane applicatiion. It becom an integral part of the concrete by forming in nsoluble cry ystals in the and racks in con ncrete of up to 0.4mm. capillaries, pores a microcr hese crystal formations have deve s eloped in the concrete Once th matrix t they will sta there for the lifetime of the conc ay t crete turning g the concrete itself into the wat ba

Pagina 35-Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON PENETRON ADMIX,...

Pagina 36 - Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON...

rrier. Unlike barri products ter ier s ranes, ceme entitious co oatings) Pen netron-treat concrete ted e (membr will rem main its wate erproofing and protectio propertie even if a on es the surf face is damaged. Pene etron Admix does not require rex r applicat tion. Figure 12 Scanning Electron e g Micro oscope Photo ograph of P Penetron crys stals Page | 13 3.2.2. Self f-healing co oncrete on w ng re ides project with a selfts Penetro Admix is an active waterproofin admixtur that provi healing concrete. B Being a hyd drophilic pro oduct Penet tron Admix reacts with moisture to form o crystals in cracks a voids of the concre Should new water enter throu newly fo s and ete. ugh ormed cracks in the struct ture – even years after constructio – the che r on emical reac ction of Penetron Admix w resume. Penetron crystal form will c mations will develop and ultimately seal these new y e cracks a well. as A test p performed a the MFPA in Leipzig, Germany1 examined the sel

Pagina 36-Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON PENETRON ADMIX,...

Pagina 37 - Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON...

f-hea at A , aling behavior of Penetro Admix-tre on eated concrete. In orde to simula the self-healing effe er ate ects crackcontaining concrete cubes we produce by placing new, Adm ere ed mix-treated c concrete (contain ning 1% Penetron Adm by weigh of cemen onto already cured c mix ht nt) concrete (contain ning 1% Penetron Adm mix). After cu uring the tw halves were forced a wo apart by we edges to create a joint of 0.2 2mm, 0.25m A 0.1 b (1m wat mm. bar ter-column) water press sure was applied as at each of the joint and the flow-through of water th ts h hrough at bo joints wa measure (see oth ed observed tha the water at r-flow through the joints continuou usly decreas sed figure 13). It was o me. w ess c meters per hour, h over tim Once the water-flow reached a value of le than 5 cubic centim the pres ssure was r raised to 0.5 bar (5m w 5 water-colum and the water-flow t mn) w through the joint e was me easured. Aft the flow was reduce to less th 5 cubic centimeter per hour the te

Pagina 37-Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON PENETRON ADMIX,...

Pagina 38 - Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON...

r ed han rs pressur was raise to 1.0 ba (10m wate re ed ar er-column). In both cas a sealin of the joints was . ses ng observe ed. Figure 13 Test setu MFPA Leip up, pzig, German 2006 ny, 1 MFPA L Leipzig GmbH Germany – Department o Structural En H, D of ngineering: “Application-tech chnology tests on concrete test specimen with and wi ns ithout adding t sealing ag the gent Penetron Admix (May 3 2007)” 31, Page | 14 Followin tables sh ng how the water flow thro ough the joi ints at differ rent water p pressures (0 bar, 0.1 0.5 bar, 1.0 bar). , Figure 14 Water flow th hrough 0.2mm crack at wa m ater pressure of 0.1, 0.5 a es and 1.0 bar Figure 15 W Water flow through 0.25m m crack at water pressure of 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 bar w es The self-healing pr roperties of Penetron A Admix-treate concrete prevent pe ed e enetration of water, o chemica and othe c

Pagina 38-Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON PENETRON ADMIX,...

Pagina 39 - Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON...

orrosive agents fro entering the concrete through c als er e om cracks that form in the late stage in th lifetime of the struct er he o ture. Page | 15 3.2.3. Cor rrosion prote ection of reiinforcement steel with Penetron A Admix pillaries, por and micr res f w By sealing the cap rocracks of concrete with insolubl e crystal ons on educes the permeability of the con y ncrete and d denies wate and er formatio Penetro Admix re corrosiv chemicals the entryw into the concrete structure. Water-borne salts, chlorides ve way e s W e and oth chemica are preve her als ented from reaching th reinforcement steel a start co he orrosion and by brea aking down (lowering of the pH lev vels) the alk kaline surrou unding of th concrete and he the prot tective coat ting of the re ebar. A test p performed a the renow at wned ENCO Laboratory2 clearly sh O y hows a redu uction of wa ater penetra ation (reduction of perm meability) in to Penetron Admix-treated concre compare to n ete ed the

Pagina 39-Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON PENETRON ADMIX,...

Pagina 40 - Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON...

control concret te. second serie of this test concrete samples co es ontaining 1% Penetron Admix (by weight % n y In the s of ceme were w ent) water cured for 10 days . The samp f ples were then subjecte to a wate ed er pressur of 9 atm (9 bar) (10 days for the samples with a w/c ra of 0.65 and 20 day for re e w atio ys the sam mples with a w/c ratio of 0.43). The samples were then again placed in water fo an o e w d or addition 10-20 da until the start of the actual water permeability tests w a press nal ays e e with sure of 5 atm (5 b bar). The Penetron Adm mix-treated samples (w/ s w/c=0.65) sh how a significant improv vement in the penetration c compared to the contro sample. The table be ol T elow shows the detaile s ed water p results. 2 Evaluat tion of the effic cacy of the ad dditives Penetr Admix and Penetron in porous and cr ron d p racked concre etes (se

Pagina 40-Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON PENETRON ADMIX,...

Pagina 41 - Avantajele sistemului de impermeabilizare integrala a betonului Penetron PENETRON...

cond t test series); E ENCO Laborato Italy, 200 ory, 06 Page | 16 Figure 16 Excerpt: Pe 6 ermeability of Penetron-Ad f Admix-treated concrete vs. control sam . mple (ENCO, 2006) 2 Apart fr rom isolating the reinfo g orcement ste from the external environment cured Pen eel e t, netron (Penetr is Portla cement –based) ha an alkalin of around pH 11 an will thus ron and as nity nd prevent the steel fr t rom corroding by addin more alk ng kalinity to the mix. More eover, by prevent ting soluble alkaline sa (calcium hydroxide) from being flushed ou of the concrete alts m g ut rbon dioxide gas due to w water migra ation and by densifying the concre matrix to reduce car y g ete o diffusion, Penetron will help to maintain t alkaline environment that is ne n o the ecessary to protect nforcing stee el. the rein 3.2.4. Protection against chloride penetratio e on es major factor in precipita r ating corros sion in conc crete and en nter the con ncrete Chloride are the m mass usuall