Dezumidificatoarele desicante - Why / How DST
Sorption
Dehumidifying
Why?
How?
Contents
Why? ............................................................................................................................4
Corrosion ..................................................................................................................4
Condensation ...........................................................................................................4
Ice formation ............................................................................................................5
Handling of hygroscopic material .............................................................................5
Drying out buildings ..................................................................................................6
Mould .......................................................................................................................6
Product drying .............................................................................
.............................6
Electronics ................................................................................................................7
Bacteria ....................................................................................................................7
Odours .....................................................................................................................7
How much? .................................................................................................................8
Determine what climate is needed. ..........................................................................8
Moisture load from infiltration ...................................................................................8
Moisture load from people ........................................................................................8
Moisture load from water surface .............................................................................8
Moisture e
vaporated from products .........................................................................8
Moisture load through diffusion ................................................................................8
Choose a dehumidifier .............................................................................................9
Moisture load .......................................................................................................9
Process air inlet climate .......................................................................................9
Regeneration air inlet climate ..............................................................................9
The process of sorption drying...............................................................................10
Recusorb R ............................................................................................................10
Recusorb DR ...............................................................................
...........................11
Consorb .................................................................................................................11
Frigosorb ................................................................................................................11
Econosorb ..............................................................................................................11
The sorption rotor ....................................................................................................12
Structure .................................................................................................................12
Desiccant ...............................................................................................................12
Dust from the rotor .................................................................................................13
Washable rotors ..........................................................................................
...........13
Bacteria formation ..................................................................................................13
How to install ............................................................................................................14
Room drying ...........................................................................................................14
Object drying ..........................................................................................................14
Dehumidifier in a ventilation system .......................................................................16
Dew-points around the world ..................................................................................17
Europe ....................................................................................................................17
Asia ........................................................................................................................18
Australia .......
..........................................................................................................20
Africa ......................................................................................................................20
North America ........................................................................................................20
South America ........................................................................................................21
Moisture content table .............................................................................................22
Psychrometric chart .................................................................................................25
Why?
Corrosion
Iron and steel doesn't rust if
the air over the surface has
a relative humidity below
50%RH.
< 50%RH
> 50%RH
Condensation
A surface will not have condensation on it if the air in contact with it has a dewpoint lower than
the surface temperature.
x <
C dp
x > °C dp
Ice formation
A surface will not have ice formation
on it if the air in contact with it has
a dewpoint lower than the surface
temperature.
x < °C dp
x > °C dp
Handling of hygroscopic material
The quality of dry drugs, dry food, hard candy and other hygroscopic materials can only be maintained through production to the consumer if it is kept in contact with air at a low relative humidity.
Most hygroscopic materials are "comfortable" at a relative humidity below 50%RH. There are some
materials, for example instant powder for drinks, that require below 15 %RH.
< 50%RH
> 50%RH
Drying out buildings
When drying out moisture from buildings, new buildings or buildings with
water damage, the most effective way
is to use sorption dehumidifying.
Heating will only move the moisture to another part of the building.
Heating in combination with outdoor
ventilation will create high energy
costs. With sorption dehumidifying
the moisture is taken out from the
buildin
g in a very energy efficient
way.
Dehumidifying
Heating
Mould
Mould and fungus formation is prevented if the surrounding air is kept
below 70%RH.
< 70%RH
> 70%RH
Product drying
When drying products a low relative humidity is essential for a fast
process. If the products dried are
sensitive to high temperature, the
low relative humidity can only be
obtained with dehumidification.
Dehumidifying
No dehumidifying
Electronics
The characteristics of electronic
products are changed at high relative humidity.
< 50%RH
> 50%RH
Bacteria
Bacteria needs humidity to survive and multiply. Often the humidity required for bacteria to
multiply is found on hygroscopic material. If the surrounding air relative humidity is held below
50%RH most bacteria will not find a suitable environment to multiply.
> 50%RH
< 50%RH
< 50%RH
Odours
Bad smell will be drasti cal ly reduced if the
relative humidity is kept
below 50%RH.
> 50%RH
How much?
Determine what c
limate is needed.
How is the moisture causing a problem? Is it the relative or the absolute humidity? The temperature has also to be known in order to calculate the size of the dehumidifier.
Moisture load from infiltration
Infiltratoin is the natural leakage of ambient air into a dehumidified area. A badly sealed room
can often have an infiltration rate in excess of 1,0 air changes/hour, while a well-sealed room
may be as low as 0,1 air changes /hour. Moisture loads from air entering through structural openings and mechanical supply or extract ventilation systems should not be included in the infiltration moisture load. These loads can often exceed all other moisture loads and must therefore be
calculated separately.
mV = 1,2 • V • (x1-x2) / 1000
where
mV = moisture load from infiltration [kg/h]
V = total infiltration [m3/h]
x1 = water content for ventilation air, in most cases outdoor air [g/kg]
x2 = water content for the room air [g/kg]
Moisture load from people
People give out
moisture to the room when they breathe and also through perspiration.
People at rest give out around 0,05 kg/h, whilst a person working will give out around 0,3 kg/h.
Moisture load from water surface
The warmer the water the more moisture given out to the air. Also dry air and turbulent airflow
across the water surface gives a high evaporation rate.
mw = σ • A • (x1-x2) / 1000
where
mw = moisture load from water surface [kg/h]
σ = coefficient for vaporization, normally 25 [kg/(m2 h)]
A = open water area [m2]
x1 = water content for saturated air with the water temperature, see table page 21 [g/kg]
x2 = water content for the room air [g/kg]
Moisture evaporated from products
It is very difficult to calculate the moisture load from products as there are so many variables
involved. A rough estimation has to be done case by case and then trialed.
Moisture load through diffusion
There is some moisture load by diffusion through building fabrics. Compared to other moisture
loads this
is normally negligible.
Door will give ventilation
every time it's opened.
Example:
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Surface temperature: 6°C.
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Moisture
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Moisture load
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load from
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from working
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open water
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person.
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Moisture
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surface.
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load from
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products
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drying up.
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1m2
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water
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surface
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37°C
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1. Required climate.
Problems with condensation dripping
from the cold water tube, with a surface
temperaure of 6°C. The required climate
is therefore max 6°C dew point, which
corresponds to a moisture content of
5,8 g/kg, see moisture content table.
2. Moisture load from infiltration.
V = 0,2/h • 6m • 4m • 3,3m = 16 m3/h
x1 = 12 g/kg (ambient design condition)
x2 = 5,8 g/kg
mv = 1,2 • 16 • (12 - 5,8) / 1000 = 0,12
kg/h
3. Moisture load from people.
One man working, appro. 0,3 kg/h
4. Moisture load from water surface
σ = 25 kg/(m2 h)
A = 1 m2
x1 = 40,9 g/kg (37°C 100%RH, see table)
x2 = 5,8 g/kg
mw = 25•1• (40,9-5,8) /1000 = 0,88 kg/h
5. Moisture load from products drying
up.
The products total weight is 95 kg. App
roximately 10% of the weight is water.
Estimate that 25% of the water is evaporated during one hour:
mp = 95 • 0,1 • 0,25 = 2,4 kg/h
6. Total moisture load
mtot = 0,12 + 0,3 + 0,88 + 2,4 = 3,7 kg/h
Select a dehumidifier
The following information has to be gathered before a dehumidifier can be selected:
Moisture load
Sum up above moisture loads.
Process air inlet climate
Normally the room air should be mixed with some ambient air (to create a positive pressure in
the room or/and to provide ventilation for people) before it is dried through the dehumidifier. The
temperature, TP1, and the moisture content, xP1, at the mixing point must be known.
Regeneration air inlet climate
The temperature, TR1, and the moisture content, xR1, in the regeneration inlet must be known. The
design point is at the highest moisture content in the ambient air at the highest relative humidity
(lowest temperature).
The process of sorption drying
Recusorb R
Regeneration heater
Rotor
Regeneration
air fan
E
D
F
Wet air outlet
C
Regeneration
air inlet
B
Process air
fan
Dry air outlet
Rotor motor
Process
air inlet
Water content
15g/kg
10g/kg
5g/kg
0g/kg
20g/kg
25g/kg
30g/kg
140˚C
.H.
1%R
120˚C
E
40˚C
Temperature
60˚C
80˚C
100˚C
4%R.H.
F
B
/kg
100kJ
C
A
kg
80kJ/
kg
60kJ/
kg
20kJ/
g
0kJ/k
10%R.H
.
15%R.H
.
.
20%R.H
D
20˚C
RECUSORB is a continuous dehumidifier with internal energy recovery and
able to reach very low dew
points. During regeneration,
sensible heat is adsorbed
by the rotor material. This
heat is transferred to a purge
sector where the incoming
regeneration air is preheated and its moisture content
reduced. While less heat is
now required to reach the
final regeneration temperature, the air will also be at a
much lower relative humidity. As a result of this, the dry
air outlet is both cooler and
drier than that achieved by
other desiccant systems.
0˚C
A
kg
40kJ/
lpy
Entha
30%R.H.
40%R.H.
50%R.H.
60%R.H.
80%R.H.
100%R.H.
RECUSORB DR h
as one fan
for both dry air and wet air. This
gives an easier installation for
over-pressurising the dehumidified room.
CONSORB is suitable for for
applications were low energy
costs make the internal heat
recovery of Recusorb unnecessary. Normally used with low
regeneration temperatures.
FRIGOSORB is suitable for
applications were it is difficult
to duct out the wet air from the
dehumidified area. Thanks to
the heat pump it is very energyefficient.
ECONOSORB is the most
energy-efficient way to dehumidify air. Thanks to the built
in cooling the dry air has the
same or lower temperature as
the process inlet air.
The sorption rotor
Structure
The rotor matrix is manufactured from alternate layers of flat and corrugated sheets. It is made
to form a vast number of axial air channels running parallel through the structure.
Desiccant
Back in the fifties, when the desiccant rotor dehumidifier was invented, Lithium Chloride salt
was used as the desiccant. Lithium Chloride absorbs the moi
sture through a chemical reaction.
The disadvantage with a salt impregnated rotor is that it can't withstand high humidity. Saturated
air will cause the salt to partially leave the rotor and thereby decrease the capacity and cause
corrosion of the dehumidifier.
Today more and more dehumidifiers use silica gel rotors. The
silica gel adsorbs the moisture, the water molecules adhere
to the surface of the silica gel. The advantage is that it
can withstand saturated air and, if the silica gel is
chemically bonded into the rotor, it has a very long
lifetime.
Dust from the rotor
Both lithium chloride and silica gel rotors containing loose dessicant will cause some dust to leave
the rotor with the dry air. Apart from possible damage on dried materials it will deteriorate the capacity of the rotor. Only rotors with chemically bonded silica gel will have no desiccant carry-over
with the dry air.
Washable rotors
If the rotor is contaminated by accident or used in applications with contaminated
air, for example
oil mist, it is important that the rotor is washable.
Bacteria formation
Tests on a silica gel rotor used in a water sewage plant shows no bacteria formation on the rotor.
This is thanks to the high temperature (above 120°C) when regenerating the rotor and also the low
relative humidity in the dry air.
How to install
Room drying
A room is kept dry where one or several items are stored. The dry air is distributed around the room at a
high level. Normally a part of the process air inlet to the dehumidifier is return air from the room.
A room with little air leakage is essential for a good result. The advantages are no extra work when
the stored items shall be used and it's possible to reach low moisture contents without pre-cooling. No
frost problems on pre-cooling even at temperatures below 0°C. Disadvantage is that it is a large volume
of air to dehumidify.
Dampers
Wet air outlet
Dehumidifier
Type Recusorb DR
Humidistat
Dry air outlet
Distributed at a
high l
evel as dry
air is heavier
than humid air
Process air
inlet 2
20-30% more
airflow than
the wet air
outlet, to
create an
over-pressure
in the room.
Process air
inlet 1
Object drying
The dry air flow from the dehumidifier is pushed into or over the object or objects to be dehumidified. No return air back to the dehumidifier.
Advantages are easy installation as the whole room
doesn't have to be sealed and
small volume of air to dehumidify. The disadvantage is
that it is more work each time
the objects are used.
Dry air outlet
The moisture content
Directed to the
dehumidified
in contact with the objects
objects.
is determined by the ambient
air and the Δx of the dehumidifier.
Process air inlet
5-10% of the process air inlet is taken from ambient, to create an over-pressure in the room.
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Dry air outlet
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high level as dry
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Distributed at a
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high level as dry
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... ascunde
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