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Hidroizolatii si impermeabilizare pentru structuri din beton PENETRON

Impermeabilizarea podurilor si a puntilor de pod PENETRON PENETRON, PENETRON ADMIX

Limba: Engleza

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Tip documentatie: Catalog, brosura

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Bridge and bridge deck waterproofing with Penetron® / Penetron® Admix Contents 1. Introduction....................................................................................................................... 5 2. Problems associated with concrete bridge deck waterproofing ....................................... 5 2.1. Corrosion................................................................................................................... 6 2.2. Carbonation............................................................................................................... 7 2.3. Cracking .................................................................................................................... 7 2.3.1. Plastic shrinkage cracking ................................................................................. 7 2.3.2. Drying shrinkage ................................................................................................ 8

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2.3.3. Thermal cracks .................................................................................................. 8 2.3.4. D-Cracking ......................................................................................................... 8 2.4. 2.5. Damage due to freeze-thaw cycles ......................................................................... 10 2.6. Concrete deterioration due to chemical attack ........................................................ 11 2.7. Sulfate attack .......................................................................................................... 12 2.8. 3. Alkali Silica Reaction (ASR) ...................................................................................... 9 Concrete bridges in marine environments .............................................................. 12 Waterproofing with Penetron Admix ............................................................................... 13 3.1. How it works ........

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.................................................................................................... 13 3.2. Features and benefits of Penetron Admix ............................................................... 14 3.2.1. Permanent concrete protection ........................................................................ 14 3.2.2. Self-healing concrete ....................................................................................... 15 3.2.3. Corrosion protection of reinforcement steel with Penetron Admix ................... 17 3.2.4. Protection against chloride penetration............................................................ 18 3.2.5. Protection against carbonation ........................................................................ 20 3.2.6. Crack bridging ability of Penetron .................................................................... 20 3.2.7. Increase in compressive strength ...............................................................

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..... 22 3.2.8. Resistance against high water pressure .......................................................... 23 3.2.9. Chemical resistance......................................................................................... 25 3.2.10. Resistance to freeze-thaw cycles .................................................................... 28 3.2.11. Compatibility with commonly-used concrete mix designs (Penetron Admix) ... 28 3.2.12. Prevention of Alkali-Silica-Reaction (ASR) ...................................................... 29 3.2.13. Limitations ........................................................................................................ 29 3.2.13.1. Cold joints..................................................................................................... 29 3.2.13.2. Active leaks .................................................................................................. 30 3.2.13.3. Concrete defects ........................................

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.................................................. 30 Page | 1 3.2.13.4. Structural cracks........................................................................................... 30 3.2.13.5. Exposed concrete structures (thermal cracks) ............................................. 30 4. At one glance - Benefit overview .................................................................................... 31 5. Comparison of Penetron products with other waterproofing systems ............................ 32 5.1. 6. Comparison between Penetron and hydrophobic pore blockers ............................ 34 Application instructions – Penetron Admix ..................................................................... 35 6.1. Description .............................................................................................................. 35 6.2. Dosage Rate ................................................................................................

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........... 36 6.3. Mixing ...................................................................................................................... 36 6.3.1. Ready Mix Plant – Dry Batch Operation .......................................................... 36 6.3.2. Ready Mix Plant - Central Mix Operation......................................................... 36 6.3.3. Precast Batch Plant ......................................................................................... 36 6.3.4. Technical Services ........................................................................................... 36 6.4. Setting time and strength ........................................................................................ 37 6.5. 7. Limitations ........................................................................................................... 37 Application instructions – Penetron ................................................................................ 37 7.1

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. Description .............................................................................................................. 37 7.2. Consumption ........................................................................................................... 37 7.2.1. Construction slabs ........................................................................................... 37 7.2.2. Construction joints ........................................................................................... 38 7.2.3. Blinding concrete ............................................................................................. 38 7.3. Surface Preparation ................................................................................................ 38 7.4. Mixing ...................................................................................................................... 38 7.5. Application.........................................................................................

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...................... 38 7.5.1. Slurry consistency ............................................................................................ 38 7.5.2. Dry powder consistency (for horizontal surface only) ...................................... 38 7.6. 8. Post treatment ..................................................................................................... 38 Application instructions – Penetron Plus ........................................................................ 39 8.1. Description .............................................................................................................. 39 8.2. Coverage................................................................................................................. 39 8.3. Application Procedures ........................................................................................... 39 8.4. Curing..............................................................................................

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........................ 40 8.5. Technical Services .................................................................................................. 40 9. 10. Contact and Disclaimer .................................................................................................. 40 Problems associated with concrete bridges ............................................................... 41 Page | 2 11. Conventional bridge deck waterproofing systems ...................................................... 41 11.1. Sheet Systems .................................................................................................... 42 11.2. Liquid systems ..................................................................................................... 42 12. Bridge / bridge deck waterproofing with Penetron ...................................................... 43 12.1. Bridge deck waterproofing ..................................................................

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................. 44 12.2. Hot asphalt concrete mixes on Penetron-treated concrete ................................. 45 12.4. Bonding issues .................................................................................................... 46 12.5. Other areas of application ................................................................................... 46 12.6. Project references ............................................................................................... 47 Table of Figures Figure 1 Corrosion stages ....................................................................................................... 6 Figure 2 Example of plastic shrinkage cracks ......................................................................... 9 Figure 3 Example of drying shrinkage cracks.......................................................................... 9 Figure 4 Example of thermal cracking ...............................................................

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...................... 9 Figure 5 Example of D-cracking .............................................................................................. 9 Figure 6 Scanning electron microscope image of chert aggregate particle with numerous internal cracks due to ASR; cracks extend into the adjacent cement paste .......................... 10 Figure 7 Detail of aggregate showing alkali-silica gel extruded into cracks within the concrete. Ettringite is also present within some cracks ......................................................................... 10 Figure 8 Examples of ASR damage ...................................................................................... 10 Figure 9 Example of freeze-thaw damage on roads and bridge decks ................................. 11 Figure 10 Example of concrete damage caused by chemical attack .................................... 12 Figure 11 How Penetron works ..................................................................................

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........... 14 Figure 12 Scanning Electron Microscope Photograph of Penetron crystals ......................... 14 Figure 13 Test setup, MFPA Leipzig, Germany, 2006 .......................................................... 15 Figure 14 Water flow through 0.2mm crack at water pressures of 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 bar ........ 16 Figure 15 Water flow through 0.25mm crack at water pressures of 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 bar ...... 16 Figure 16 Excerpt: Permeability of Penetron-Admix-treated concrete vs. control sample (ENCO, 2006) ........................................................................................................................ 18 Figure 17 Excerpt: Chloride permeability of Penetron Admix (AASHTO-T-277: Shimel and Sor, USA, 2005) .................................................................................................................... 19 Figure 18 Excerpt: Results of the rapid chloride penetration test at Sardar Patel, India, 2009 ...........................................

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.................................................................................................... 19 Figure 19 Seawall treated with Penetron Admix, Portocel, Aracruz, Brazil ........................... 20 Figure 20 The Capri, Miami Bay, USA. Basement structure treated with Penetron Admix ... 20 Figure 21 Backscattered Electron Image (BEI) of Penetron crystals forming in a crack. ...... 21 Figure 22 Needle-like, elongated Penetron forming in the cracks ......................................... 21 Figure 23 Excerpt: Permeability results of cracked concrete samples treated with Penetron ............................................................................................................................................... 22 Page | 3 Figure 24 Excerpt: Test results for Penetron Admix under 20 bar head water pressure, University of Bologna, Italy, 2005 .......................................................................................... 25 Figure 25 University

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of Bologna: Chemical resistance test - Test set up .............................. 26 Figure 26 University of Bologna: Chemical resistance test - results ..................................... 27 Figure 27 Milan South Waste Water Treatment Plant, Italy .................................................. 28 Figure 28 SABESP Sewage Treatment Plant, Brazil ............................................................ 28 Figure 29 Problems associated with concrete bridges .......................................................... 41 Figure 30 Sheet systems ....................................................................................................... 42 Figure 31 Liquid (spray applied) systems .............................................................................. 43 Figure 32 Bridge deck waterproofing with Penetron Admix .................................................. 44 Figure 33 Bridge deck waterproofing with Penetron (coating system) – “sandwich-system” 44 Figure 3

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4 OFI sample set-up (Penetron “sandwich-system”) ................................................ 45 Figure 35 The President George Bush Turnpike, Dallas, TX, USA ....................................... 47 Figure 36 He Hai Bridge, Tianjin, PR China .......................................................................... 47 Figure 37 Water Power Plant Aqueduct, Rotheau, Austria ................................................... 47 Page | 4 1. Introduction Bridge decks are a main structural component designed to carry vehicle traffic and transfer live load to the girder system. In addition to safely carrying vehicle loads, the bridge deck must also withstand the application of road salt, abrasive forces and varying climatic conditions throughout its service life. Concrete bridge decks are also susceptible to cracking under live loading and shrinkage cracking. Measures must be taken to prevent or minimize the ingress of salt laden moisture. Without prope

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r and timely maintenance and rehabilitation actions, concrete bridge decks are susceptible to concrete deterioration and corrosion of the reinforcing steel. This document discusses the most common concrete problems with a strong focus on bridge structures. The text further elaborates on how to address and prevent these problems with the help of Penetron® integral concrete capillary waterproofing systems in order to enhance the durability of concrete and effectively protect structures. 2. Problems associated with concrete bridge deck waterproofing Concrete is the most commonly-used man made construction material in the world. It possesses a relatively good resistance to water and structural concrete elements can be shaped rather easily into various shapes and sizes. Despite its durability, concrete – even high-quality concretes – is a porous material. Evaporating excess water in the hydration stage of the concrete will leave millions of pores and capillaries in concrete. Furt

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her the interfacial transmission zones (IZT) – a part of the concrete microstructure that describes the zone, which exists between the hydrated cement paste and large particles of aggregate – are prone to cracking during the hardening stage of the concrete due to shrinkage, temperature stresses and externally applied loads. These microcracks in the interfacial transition zone are usually larger than most capillary cavities present in the concrete. The pores and microcracks (especially if interconnected throughout the concrete) increase the porosity of the concrete matrix and will allow air and water to enter the hardened concrete. This will result in corrosion of the embedded reinforcement steel and in other concrete damages caused by water-borne salts and chemicals and further contribute to the deterioration and weakening the strength of the concrete, directly affecting its durability. Water (seawater, groundwater, river water, lake water, snow, ice and vapor) is a primary agent f

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or both creation and destruction of concrete – and is deeply involved in nearly every form of concrete deterioration. Field experience shows that, in order of decreasing importance, the principal causes for deterioration are the corrosion of reinforced steel, exposure to cycles of freezing and thawing, alkali-silica reaction, and chemical attack. With each of these four causes of concrete deterioration, the permeability and presence of water are implicated in the mechanisms of expansion and cracking. Page | 5 The problem of porosity and cracking of concrete is increased in structures that are constantly exposed to different loads, stress redistribution and tectonic seismic influences, which can be found especially on concrete bridge projects. The following chapter focuses on the major deterioration causes of concrete: 2.1. Corrosion The corrosion of the steel reinforcement is the most common source of distress in concrete bridges, especially those that are near

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or under water. Corrosion of steel is an electrochemical process and basically is the transformation of metallic iron to rust, which is accompanied by an increase in volume (which in some cases – depending on the state of oxidation - can be as much as 600 percent of the original steel). This expansion of the rebar is then leading to concrete expansion and cracking, followed by spalling and eventually to a complete loss of the concrete cover. The final result will be the weakening of the structures’ strength and ultimately its failure. Corrosion can occur when two dissimilar metals are embedded into concrete (such as e.g. steel and aluminum), because each metal has a unique electrochemical potential. The concrete then effectively becomes a battery. When the metals are in contact in an electrolyte, the less active metal corrodes. If only one type of steel is present in the concrete, corrosion is generated by differences in the concentration of dissolved ions, such as alkalies and ch

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lorides. These ions are introduced to the concrete by water penetrating into the pores and microcracks. Figure 1 Corrosion stages Hydrated Portland cement contains alkalies in the pore fluid and a sufficient amount of solid calcium hydroxide in order to maintain an alkalinity level with a pH value above 12. In an alkaline environment (pH value above 11.5) normal steel and iron form a thin, impermeable and strongly adherent iron-oxide film that makes the metals passive to corrosion. However, once the alkalies and most of the calcium hydroxide have either carbonated or leached away, the pH of the concrete surrounding the reinforcement may drop below 11.5 destroying the passivity of steel and allowing the corrosion process to start. In the presence of chloride ions Page | 6 the passivating film is destroyed even at pH values of above 11.5. The main causes of chloride in concrete are admixtures, salt-contaminated aggregate and penetration of deicing salt solutions and seaw

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ater. 2.2. Carbonation Carbonation occurs when carbon dioxide from the air penetrates the concrete and reacts with hydroxides, such as calcium hydroxide, to form carbonates. In the reaction with calcium hydroxide, calcium carbonate is formed. This reaction reduces the pH of the pore solution to as low as 8.5, at which level the passive iron-oxide film of the steel is not stable and corrosion will set in. Carbonation is highly dependent on the relative humidity of the concrete. The highest rates of carbonation occur when the relative humidity is maintained between 50% and 75%. Below 25% relative humidity, the degree of carbonation that takes place is considered insignificant. Above 75% relative humidity, moisture in the pores restricts CO2 penetration. Carbonationinduced corrosion often occurs on areas of building facades that are exposed to rainfall, shaded from sunlight, and have low concrete cover over the reinforcing steel. Carbonation of concrete also lowers the amount of ch

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loride ions needed to promote corrosion. In new concrete with a pH of 12 to 13, about 7,000 to 8,000 ppm of chlorides are required to start corrosion of embedded steel. If, however, the pH is lowered to a range of 10 to 11, the chloride threshold for corrosion is significantly lower—at or below 100 ppm. Like chloride ions, however, carbonation destroys the passive film of the reinforcement, but does not influence the rate of corrosion. 2.3. Cracking Cracks generally increase the porosity of concrete and allow water and water-borne salts and chemicals to enter the concrete and accelerate its deterioration. Cracking of concrete can have a number of causes. In this document we only want to focus on the most common types of cracks associated with bridge structures. 2.3.1. Plastic shrinkage cracking Plastic shrinkage cracks occur due to a rapid loss of water from the surface of concrete before it has set. This happens when the rate of evaporation of surface moisture of freshly placed co

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ncrete exceeds the rate at which bleed water can replace it. Tensile stresses develop in the weak, hardening plastic concrete as a result of the restraint provided by the concrete below the drying surface layer. Plastic shrinkage cracks are usually shallow in nature and do not intersect the perimeter of the slab. However, like every crack they provide a possible entry-point for water and chemicals into the concrete structure and as such a starting point of the deterioration process. Page | 7 2.3.2. Drying shrinkage As almost every concrete mix design contains more water than is needed to hydrate the cement, much of the remaining water evaporates, causing the concrete to shrink. Restraint to shrinkage, provided by the subgrade, reinforcement or another part of the structure, causes tensile stresses to develop in the hardened concrete. Restraint to drying shrinkage is the most common cause of concrete cracking. 2.3.3. Thermal cracks Thermal cracking takes place if an exc

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essive temperature difference exists within a concrete structure or its surroundings. This difference in temperature causes a higher contraction of the cooler portion over the warmer part of the concrete. This restrains the contraction. If the restraint causes tensile stresses that exceed the placed concrete’s tensile strength, thermal cracks will occur. In some climate zones thermal cracks can occur as a result of the atmospheric temperature differences. During daytime high temperatures cause the concrete to heat up and expand. At night the air temperature falls significantly and leading to a contraction of the concrete mass. This can cause concrete to crack. Due to the expansion and contraction of the concrete in air temperature differences these cracks widen further over time. 2.3.4. D-Cracking D-cracking is a form of freeze-thaw-cycle deterioration and often observed in concrete pavements (usually taking place along the joints). Water accumulation in the base of the concrete ult

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imately saturates the aggregate. Once free-thaw cycles set in the aggregate begins to crack and subsequently crack open the concrete. This process usually starts at the bottom of the slab and progresses upwards to the surface. Page | 8 Figure 2 Example of plastic shrinkage cracks Figure 3 Example of drying shrinkage cracks Figure 4 Example of thermal cracking Figure 5 Example of D-‐cracking 2.4. Alkali Silica Reaction (ASR) Alkali-silica reaction (ASR) is the most common form of alkali-aggregate reaction (AAR) – together with the much less common form alkali-carbonate-reaction ACR – and can cause serious expansion and cracking in concrete, resulting in major structural problems and sometimes necessary demolition. ASR is caused by a reaction of between the hydroxyl ions in the alkaline cement pore solution in the concrete and reactive forms of silica in the aggregate (e.g. ch

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ert, quartzite, opal, strained quartz crystals). A gel is produced, that increases in volume by taking up water and so exerts an expansive pressure, resulting in the failure of concrete. This gel can occur in cracks and even within the aggregate particles. In order for ASR to occur in concrete a sufficiently high alkali content of the cement (or alkali from other sources), a reactive aggregate (e.g. chert or quartzite) and finally water is needed Page | 9 for the reaction. If no water is present in the concrete, no ASR will take place as the alkalisilica gel formation requires water. The best way to avoid ASR is to use non-reactive aggregates, which are not always available. In this case it is essential for the concrete mix designer to be aware of the Na2Oequivalent (in %) of all products used in the concrete mix. This is to ensure that the Na2O equivalent value does not exceed the acceptable amount per m3 (usually set around 3.5kg/m3). Figure 6 Scanning el

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ectron microscope image of chert aggregate particle with numerous internal cracks due to ASR; cracks extend into the adjacent cement paste Figure 7 Detail of aggregate showing alkali-‐silica gel extruded into cracks within the concrete. Ettringite is also present within some cracks Figure 8 Examples of ASR damage 2.5. Damage due to freeze-thaw cycles In cold climates damage to concrete pavements, retaining walls, bridge decks and railings attributable to freeze-thaw cycles is one of the major causes for repair and maintenance works. Water molecules are very small and therefore able to penetrate even the finest concrete pores and capillaries. Once water has entered the capillary system and freezes it will expand in volume and dilate the concrete pore or cavity by exerting hydraulic pressure ge

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nerated by the expansion. This pressure will slowly – over the span of multiple cycles – Page | 10 widen the pores or capillaries. Once the water in the pores thaws it will advance deeper into the concrete where the process is repeated once the water in freezes again and so forth. Damages caused by freeze-thaw cycles are most commonly cracking and spalling of concrete due to progressive expansion of the cement paste. The freeze-thaw effect is drastically enhanced if moisture and deicing salts – used in road maintenance – are present, which can lead to maximum scaling of the concrete surface. Spalling and cracking of the concrete will ultimately expose the embedded reinforcement steel to corrosion due to chloride and water penetration. Figure 9 Example of freeze-‐thaw damage on roads and bridge decks 2.6. Concrete deterioration due to chemical attack A well-hydrated cement paste provides a very a

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lkaline environment in concrete with pH values ranging from 12.5 to 13.5. As a result of the contact between acidic environmental conditions and the concrete this alkaline environment is disturbed and lead to a lowering of the pH level. Depending on the acidity of the attacking chemical concrete deteriorates slower or faster. The effects of concretes under chemical attack always result in an increase of the porosity and permeability, cracking and spalling and subsequently in a loss of strength. The combination of the physical deterioration and persisting exposure to the chemical attack continue and accelerate the deterioration of the concrete over time. Chemical attacks involve attacks by acidic solutions promoting the formation of soluble calcium salts, insoluble and non-expansive calcium salts and solutions containing magnesium salts. In the following context this document will focus on other chemical attacks that involve the formation of expansive products (due to internal stress),

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such as sulfate attacks, delayed ettringite formation, alkali-aggregate reaction (AAR) and corrosion. Page | 11 Figure 10 Example of concrete damage caused by chemical attack 2.7. Sulfate attack Sulfate attacks can result either in an expansion and cracking of concrete or lead to a gradual decrease in the compressive strength. Cracking and spalling allows aggressive and corrosive (ground) water to penetrate more easily as a direct result of increased permeability, which will effectively accelerate the deterioration of the affected concrete. This is also known as external sulfate attack. A weakening of the concrete is achieved through the detachment of the cement paste from the aggregates, such as caused by delayed ettringite formation (DEF), which is usually considered as internal sulfate attack as it involves sulfate ions contained in the concrete (e.g. cement containing an unusually high sulfate content). DEF causes cr

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acks in the cement paste and the aggregate-cement paste interface resulting from an expansion due to the formation of ettringite around the aggregates. DEF occurs in the late ages of the concrete when sulfate ions released by the decomposition of ettringite are absorbed by calciumsilicate hydrate. Once the sulfate ions are desorbed, the re-formation of ettringite causes expansion that leads to cracking. 2.8. Concrete bridges in marine environments In a marine environment concrete is exposed to a combination of deterioration effects. These include primarily the chemical reaction of seawater with the concrete, penetration of salts and chlorides during wetting/drying conditions, freeze-thaw-cycles in cold climates, corrosion of the reinforcement steel and physical erosion due to wave action. Due to intermingling of these effects concrete structures in marine environments bear higher risks of Page | 12 deterioration and special considerations should be taken into account

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in order to ensure the durability of these structures. 3. Waterproofing with Penetron Admix Penetron Admix, a 3rd generation crystalline, concrete-enhancing admixture, is the most advanced formula to effectively waterproof concrete structures. It eliminates problems related with 1st and 2nd generation admixtures such as loss of compressive strength and unusually long delays of the setting time. Penetron Admix can be applied to any commonly-used concrete mix in today’s’ construction industry. It doesn’t have any known incompatibilities with other workability enhancing admixtures such as retarders or superplastizicers and there are no limitations in regards to the w/c ratio of the concrete to be treated. With dosages rates as low as 0.8% (by weight of cement) it is not only one of the most cost-efficient and economic waterproofing choices, but an effective formula that has been proven in many international laboratory tests and on countless projects worldwide. Penetron Admix

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is a non-toxic product and is approved for use in projects involving potable water (NSF 61 approval, European Environmental License). Penetron Admix does not contain any volatile organic compounds (VOC) and is used in green projects acquiring LEED certification points. When applied to concrete Penetron Admix assists in the hydration process acting as a catalyst to un-hydrated cement particles already existing in the concrete. This already takes place in the early stages of the cement-reaction resulting in the development of internal strength build up compensating to some extent the formation of shrinkage cracks as well as the increase in compressive strength. At the same time a longer workability of the fresh concrete is provided. 3.1. How it works Penetron Admix is added to the concrete mix at the time of batching at dosage rates between 0.8-1% by weight of cement (alternatively Penetron Admix can be added into the mixing truck on site before the concrete is poured). The activa

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Pagina 34 - Impermeabilizarea podurilor si a puntilor de pod PENETRON PENETRON, PENETRON ADMIX...

ting chemicals of Penetron Admix react with water, calcium hydroxide and aluminum as well as other metal oxides contained in the concrete to form a web of insoluble crystals. These crystals seal all existing capillaries, micro-cracks and voids of up to 0.4mm for the lifetime of the concrete. Once formed, the crystal formations will prevent water, water-borne salts and a wide range of chemicals from entering and moving through the concrete and protect it permanently. Air is still allowed to pass through the crystalline formations allowing the concrete to breathe and avoiding build-up of vapor pressure. Page | 13 Penetron Admix will subsequently enhance concrete properties resulting in an increased compressive strength and reduced shrinkage cracks. In addition Penetron Admix will provide a “self-healing” concrete. In absence of moisture the activating chemicals remain dormant in the concrete for years. If cracks occur at any time the Penetron Admix components are activ

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Pagina 35 - Impermeabilizarea podurilor si a puntilor de pod PENETRON PENETRON, PENETRON ADMIX...

ated by any penetrating moisture. As a result the chemical reaction will resume automatically and the developing crystals will practically “selfheal” the new crack, sealing it off completely. Figure 11 How Penetron works 3.2. Features and benefits of Penetron Admix 3.2.1. Permanent concrete protection Penetron Admix is a permanent application. It becomes an integral part of the concrete by forming insoluble crystals in the capillaries, pores and microcracks in concrete of up to 0.4mm. Once these crystal formations have developed in the concrete matrix they will stay there for the lifetime of the concrete turning the concrete itself into the water barrier. Unlike barrier products (membranes, cementitious coatings) Penetron-treated concrete will remain its waterproofing and protection properties even if the surface is damaged. Penetron Admix does not require reapplication. Figure 12 Scanning Electron Microscope Photograph of Penetron crystals Page | 14

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Pagina 36 - Impermeabilizarea podurilor si a puntilor de pod PENETRON PENETRON, PENETRON ADMIX...

3.2.2. Self-healing concrete Penetron Admix is an active waterproofing admixture that provides projects with a selfhealing concrete. Being a hydrophilic product Penetron Admix reacts with moisture to form crystals in cracks and voids of the concrete. Should new water enter through newly formed cracks in the structure – even years after construction – the chemical reaction of Penetron Admix will resume. Penetron crystal formations will develop and ultimately seal these new cracks as well. A test performed at the MFPA in Leipzig, Germany1 examined the self-healing behavior of Penetron Admix-treated concrete. In order to simulate the self-healing effects crackcontaining concrete cubes were produced by placing new, Admix-treated concrete (containing 1% Penetron Admix by weight of cement) onto already cured concrete (containing 1% Penetron Admix). After curing the two halves were forced apart by wedges to create a joint of 0.2mm, 0.25mm. A 0.1 bar (1m water-column) water pr

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Pagina 37 - Impermeabilizarea podurilor si a puntilor de pod PENETRON PENETRON, PENETRON ADMIX...

essure was applied at each of the joints and the flow-through of water through at both joints was measured (see figure 13). It was observed that the water-flow through the joints continuously decreased over time. Once the water-flow reached a value of less than 5 cubic centimeters per hour, the pressure was raised to 0.5 bar (5m water-column) and the water-flow through the joint was measured. After the flow was reduced to less than 5 cubic centimeters per hour the pressure was raised to 1.0 bar (10m water-column). In both cases a sealing of the joints was observed. Figure 13 Test setup, MFPA Leipzig, Germany, 2006 1 MFPA Leipzig GmbH, Germany – Department of Structural Engineering: �

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Pagina 38 - Impermeabilizarea podurilor si a puntilor de pod PENETRON PENETRON, PENETRON ADMIX...

�Application-technology tests on concrete test specimens with and without adding the sealing agent Penetron Admix (May 31, 2007)” Page | 15 Following tables show the water flow through the joints at different water pressures (0.1 bar, 0.5 bar, 1.0 bar). Figure 14 Water flow through 0.2mm crack at water pressures of 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 bar Figure 15 Water flow through 0.25mm crack at water pressures of 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 bar The self-healing properties of Penetron Admix-treated concrete prevent penetration of water, chemicals and other corrosive agents from entering the concrete through cracks that form in the later stage in the lifetime of the structure. Page | 16 3.2.3. Corrosion protection of reinforcement steel with Penetron Admix By sealing the capillaries, pores and microcracks of concrete with insoluble crystal formations Penetron Admix reduces the permeability of the concrete and denies water and corrosive chemicals the entryway into t

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Pagina 39 - Impermeabilizarea podurilor si a puntilor de pod PENETRON PENETRON, PENETRON ADMIX...

he concrete structure. Water-borne salts, chlorides and other chemicals are prevented from reaching the reinforcement steel and start corrosion by breaking down (lowering of the pH levels) the alkaline surrounding of the concrete and the protective coating of the rebar. A test performed at the renowned ENCO Laboratory2 clearly shows a reduction of water penetration (reduction of permeability) into Penetron Admix-treated concrete compared to the control concrete. In the second series of this test concrete samples containing 1% Penetron Admix (by weight of cement) were water cured for 10 days. The samples were then subjected to a water pressure of 9 atm (9 bar) (10 days for the samples with a w/c ratio of 0.65 and 20 days for the samples with a w/c ratio of 0.43). The samples were then again placed in water for an additional 10-20 days until the start of the actual water permeability tests with a pressure of 5 atm (5 bar). The Penetron Admix-treated samples (w/c=0.65) show a significant

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Pagina 40 - Impermeabilizarea podurilor si a puntilor de pod PENETRON PENETRON, PENETRON ADMIX...

improvement in the water penetration compared to the control sample. The table below shows the detailed results. 2 Evaluation of the efficacy of the additives Penetron Admix and Penetron in porous and cracked concretes (second test series); ENCO Laboratory, Italy, 2006 Page | 17 Figure 16 Excerpt: Permeability of Penetron-Admix-treated concrete vs. control sample (ENCO, 2006) Apart from isolating the reinforcement steel from the external environment, cured Penetron (Penetron is Portland cement –based) has an alkalinity of around pH 11 and will thus prevent the steel from corroding by adding more alkalinity to the mix. Moreover, by preventing soluble alkaline salts (cal

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Pagina 41 - Impermeabilizarea podurilor si a puntilor de pod PENETRON PENETRON, PENETRON ADMIX...

cium hydroxide) from being flushed out of the concrete due to water migration and by densifying the concrete matrix to reduce carbon dioxide gas diffusion, Penetron will help to maintain the alkaline environment that is necessary to protect the reinforcing steel. 3.2.4. Protection against chloride penetration Chlorides are the major factor in precipitating corrosion in concrete and enter the concrete mass usually by migration into the capillary system over time. Independent testing has established that the chloride content of Penetron Admix itself is very low (<0.10% aggregate3) and its waterproofing effects are not related to chlorides. Penetrontreated concrete was found to be resistant to acidic and alkaline conditions ranging from pH 3 to 114.

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3 Electrochemical analysis of a concrete additive “PENETRON ADMIX” according to DIN V 18998 [1], MFPA Stuttgart, Germany, 2008 4 Testing of Penetron Waterproofing Materials for Chemical Resistance; Shimel and Sor Testing Laboratories Inc., Report No. 93-3981, 1993 Page | 18 International tests have shown that Penetron Admix-treated concretes significantly reduce the penetration of chloride ions into the concrete. In a test according to AASHTO-T-277 undertaking in 20055, Penetron Admix-treated concrete reduced the chloride permeability by more than 80% compared to the control sample. Figure 17 Excerpt: Chloride permeability of Penetron Admix (AASHTO-T-277: Shimel and Sor, USA, 2005) In another test6 Penetron Admix-treated concrete was tested for Rapid Chloride Penetration (RCPT) according to ASTM C1202. The results below show a clear reduction of chloride penetration of over 45% between the control s

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Pagina 43 - Impermeabilizarea podurilor si a puntilor de pod PENETRON PENETRON, PENETRON ADMIX...

ample and the Penetron Admix sample. Figure 18 Excerpt: Results of the rapid chloride penetration test at Sardar Patel, India, 2009 As proven in the above test reports Penetron significantly reduces chloride ion penetration as it prevents the ingress of salt solutions, which allow chloride ions to migrate through the concrete structure (diffusion). Structures exposed to cyclic wetting and drying, such as marine structures (bridges, piers, sea walls, etc.) where salt laden media are in direct (or indirect) contact with the concrete, are especially susceptible to chloride ion ingress. Penetron Admix help to protect these structures effectively against chloride penetration and water ingress.

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5 Laboratory Tests of Penetron Admix in Concrete, Sor Testing Laboratories, Inc., USA Report No. 05-4070A, 2005 6 Performance evaluation of waterproofing products based on crystallization; Sardar Patel College of Engineering, Mumbai, India, 2009 Page | 19 Figure 19 Seawall treated with Penetron Admix, Portocel, Aracruz, Brazil Figure 20 The Capri, Miami Bay, USA. Basement structure treated with Penetron Admix 3.2.5. Protection against carbonation Another factor for corrosion is carbonation. In practice, the atmospheric environment slowly permeates the concrete surface. This carbonation process progressively reduces the pH of the pore solution in the affected area. Where carbonation progresses far enough into the concrete surface to reach the reinforcing bar, corrosion of the re-bar will be initiated. The rate at which carbonation progresses in concrete depends on a number of factors including the humidity of the concrete, exposure conditions, concrete quality and

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Pagina 45 - Impermeabilizarea podurilor si a puntilor de pod PENETRON PENETRON, PENETRON ADMIX...

strength, compaction and curing as well as the water/cement ratio of the concrete mix. The water/cement ratio is particularly important. Increasing the water/cement ratio from 0.45 to 0.60 will double the rate of carbonation because of increased porosity. In good quality concrete, the carbonation rate may be negligible while low quality concretes may show 1mm per year. Penetron drastically reduces carbonation by reducing the porosity of the concrete and narrowing the capillary tracts. By producing a stronger, denser concrete the diffusion of carbon dioxide gas will be inhibited and as the crystalline growth blocks and fills the capillary tracts the amount of gas able to penetrate the concrete will be reduced. Recent studies have established that even though the crystal growth structures are breathable, the diffusion of carbon dioxide gas was reduced by 42% when compared to a reference concrete. 3.2.6. Crack bridging ability of Penetron Cracking is an inevitable result of the curing pro

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Pagina 46 - Impermeabilizarea podurilor si a puntilor de pod PENETRON PENETRON, PENETRON ADMIX...

cess and increases the permeability of the concrete. The larger the cracks the more susceptible the concrete becomes towards ingress of water and corrosive agents. Penetron will seal shrinkage cracks, pores and capillaries of up to 0.4mm blocking the passage-way into the concrete and protecting it from corrosion and resulting deterioration. Due to the self-healing ability of Penetron products, new cracks are repaired automatically as soon as moisture enters. Page | 20 Figure 21 Backscattered Electron Image (BEI) of 7 Penetron crystals forming in a crack . Figure 22 Needle-like, elongated Penetron forming in the cracks In order to demonstrate the crack sealing ability of Penetron tests were undertaken at the ENCO Laboratory8 in Italy. The tests were performed on 10x10x10cm test cubes with a w/c ratio of ≤0.55 thus prepared: -‐ -‐ -‐ -‐ -‐ curing for 5 days at 20°C and RH >95%; cracking by means of the Brazilian indirect tensile strength test an

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Pagina 47 - Impermeabilizarea podurilor si a puntilor de pod PENETRON PENETRON, PENETRON ADMIX...

d inclusion in a 15x15x15 cm test cube with high performance premixed “betoncino” concrete cement; curing for 5 days at 20°C and RH >95%; grinding and sealing with water/Penetron slurry = 0.45 applied along the crack and then in quantities of 1kg/m2 along the entire surface exposed to water penetration; curing at 20°C and RH >95% for 2 days, then in water at 20°C for 60 days. At the end of the 60 days both the cracked test pieces sealed with Penetron and the reference pieces prepared using the same concrete not cracked, underwent a water impermeability test according to the UNI EN 12390-8 standard (3 days at 5atm.). The results of these tests are shown in the table below. 7 Micro

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scopic analysis of the concrete cores from retaining wall at Changi Airport Terminal 3; SETSCO Services Pte Ltd., Singapore, 2002 8 Evaluation of the efficacy of the additives Penetron Admix and Penetron in porous and cracked concretes (first test series) C) Effect of Penetron treatment on the surface of structures of low porosity, cracked concrete; ENCO Laboratory, Italy, 2005 Page | 21 Figure 23 Excerpt: Permeability results of cracked concrete samples treated with Penetron The surface treatment with Penetron on the cracked test piece totally restored the water tightness, even improving the performance compared to the untreated, undamaged control samples. 3.2.7. Increase in compressive strength When applying Penetron (especially Penetron Admix) a denser mass of the concrete is created by sealing all capillaries and voids with insoluble crystal formations. This usually results in an increase in the compressive strength of the treated concrete. Tests performed a