Structuri de fundatii PENETRON PENETRON PLUS, PENETRON ADMIX, PENETRON
Integral Capillary System Concrete Waterproofing
A foundation is a structure that supports a building. The type of foundation varies
according to ground conditions, structural material, structural type, and other factors.
Pile Foundations
Foundations consisting of vertical structures are forced into the ground by impact (a
"pile driver"). Piles can be driven into bedrock, or more commonly, "to refusal" (until
underlying soil resists the pile being driven significantly further into the soil).
Mat Foundations
Mat foundations (also known as "raft foundations") are a foundation in which the
entire building is placed on a large continuous footing. Mat foundations are utilized to
effectively resolve special soil or design conditions.
In locations where the soil is weak and the bedrock is extremely deep, "floating or
compensated mat foundations" are utilized.
Spread Foundations
For spread foundations, the structural load is literally spread out over a broad area
under the building. Sprea
d foundation systems utilize one or more horizontal mats or
pads to anchor the building as a whole or to anchor individual columns or sections
separately. Spread foundations are also known as "footing foundations" and are
often utilized in low-rise buildings.
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ICS/Penetron International LTD.
Foundation Structure
Integral Capillary System Concrete Waterproofing
Many building foundations, including buildings that have basement levels, apply
slurry to the edges of the wall to hold out surrounding dirt. In some cases this slurry
wall, or other underground wall element, becomes a major load-bearing part of a
high-rise building's foundation. This type of foundation is usually found in combination
with one of the others stated above.
Caisson Foundations
Caisson foundations are similar in form to
pile foundations but are installed using a
different method. Caissons (also called
"piers") are created by auguring a deep hole
into the ground and filling it with concrete.
Steel reinforcem
ent is sometimes utilized for
a portion of the length of the caisson.
Caissons are drilled either into the bedrock
(called "rock caissons") or deep into the
underlying soil strata if a geo-technical
engineer finds the soil suitable to carry the
building load. When caissons rest on soil,
they are generally "belled" at the bottom to
spread the load over a wider area. Special
drilling bits are used to remove the soil for
these "belled caissons".
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ICS/Penetron International LTD.
Load-bearing Wall Foundations
Integral Capillary System Concrete Waterproofing
Moisture, water and chemicals damage to concrete
Even concrete of high quality is a porous material
--
Excess water evaporation during hardening will leave millions of pores and
capillaries in concrete
--
The zones between cement and aggregates are prone to cracking during
hardening due to drying shrinkage, temperature stress and outside forces
Porosity of concrete
--
Allows moisture, water and chemicals to move freely thro
ughout the concrete
--
Increases absorption of deleterious chemicals
Moisture, water and chemicals intrusion
--
Result in corrosion of the concrete due to chemicals dissolved in water
--
Result in concrete neutralization (carbonization)
--
Result in alkali-aggregate reaction
--
Freeze/thaw cycles can lead to concrete cracking and damage
--
Reduce structural property
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ICS/Penetron International LTD.
Why Concrete Structures Deteriorate
Integral Capillary System Concrete Waterproofing
ICS/Penetron International LTD.
Moisture, water and chemicals damage to reinforcing steel
Millions of pores and capillaries are left
in untreated hardened concrete
Chlorides penetrate into concrete with the
help of surface moisture and water
When chlorides penetrate to reinforcing
steel, corrosion begins
Further penetration of chlorides results in
further corrosion, deterioration and spalling
Over time, any untreated concrete structure will succumb to
damage in the presence of wate
r and chemicals.
-4-
Integral Capillary System Concrete Waterproofing
Penetron products are cementitious capillary crystalline waterproofing
materials
--
Powders consisting of Portland cement, quartz sand and multiple activating
chemicals
--
A range of activating chemicals in powder form that can be applied to concrete as
a admixture, slurry and dry-shake
Penetron products can effectively stop water and moisture penetration into
concrete, and provide the best protection for concrete by improving the
capillary structure and reducing porosity
--
Penetron
Applied by brush or spray on hardened concrete surface
--
Penetron Plus
Dry shake application on horizontal fresh concrete surface
--
Penetron Admix
An additive mixed into new concrete at the time of batching
for complete integral waterproofing
Application
Water towers & storage tanks
Reservoirs & dams
Swimming pools
Subway & other tunnel systems
Bridge decks
Parking decks
Off-shore & marine structures
Basements
Foundations
Sewage and water treatment plants
Traffic-bearing structures Elevator shafts
Company passed ISO 9001 quality system authentication
-5-
ICS/Penetron International LTD.
What Are Penetron Products?
Integral Capillary System Concrete Waterproofing
ICS/Penetron International LTD.
How Penetron Products Waterproof & Protect
Concrete
Penetron or Penetron Plus
Typical concrete structure with
moisture
When mixed with water and
applied as a coating, the active
chemicals in Penetron cause a
reaction leading to the formation
of nonsoluble crystals within the
pores and capillary canals of
concrete
The
concrete
becomes
permanently sealed and
neither water nor any other
liquids are able to penetrate
the concrete from any
direction
Concrete has been saturated with water so that there is an adequate amount of liquid
water present to allow movement of chemicals into the concrete pores. The
chemicals are pushed into the concrete through the action of diffusion. Under the
right c
onditions, the chemicals can also move into the concrete by seeping water, or
by the natural wicking action of the concrete.
Once into the concrete, the chemicals react with unhydrated cement particles and
by-products of cement hydration to form needle-like crystals, which fill and block the
pores and capillaries in the concrete. As water can no longer pass through the
concrete, the concrete is said to be “waterproof”.
In absence of moisture, the activating chemicals remain dormant in concrete for years.
If minute cracks recur at any time, any penetrating moisture can activate the dormant
materials, and the chemical reaction and sealing process will repeat itself
automatically.
-6-
Integral Capillary System Concrete Waterproofing
Penetron
Admix
is
a
unique
crystal-forming additive that provides
permanent protection for buildings and
other structures by waterproofing
concrete from the inside out.
Penetron Admix is added to the
concrete mix at the time of batching.
The activating
chemicals of the product
react with water, unhydrated cement
particles and by-products of cement
hydration
in
concrete
to form
needle-like crystals. These crystals
grow and migrate through the concrete to fill in hairline cracks and microscopic voids
that would otherwise serve as passages for harmful moisture.
Penetron Admix enhances the natural hydration process in concrete by intensifying
hydration crystal growth, increasing compressive strength and reducing cracking
caused by shrinkage.
In absence of moisture, the activating chemicals remain dormant in concrete for years.
Should cracks recur at any time, these dormant materials are activated by any
penetrating moisture, and the chemical action and sealing process repeats itself
automatically.
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ICS/Penetron International LTD.
Penetron Admix
Integral Capillary System Concrete Waterproofing
ICS/Penetron International LTD.
Features, Advantages & Benefits
Features and Advantages
--
Penetron Admix
Permanent waterproofing admi
xture
·Impermeability lasts as long as the concrete
·System becomes an integral part of the concrete
·Does not require re-application
Resists high hydrostatic pressure from either positive or negative surface
·Ideal for below grade application
·Does not need any other form of waterproofing
·Protects against waterborne ground contaminants
Protects reinforcing steel from corrosion
·Highly resistant to waterborne aggressive chemicals
·Stops ingress of water required for AAR
·Allows concrete to breathe, eliminating vapor buildup and leaving the concrete
completely dry
Will grow crystals years after initial construction
·Will re-activate in the presence of moisture
·Self-heals hairline cracks of up to 0.4mm and stop water ingress that may occur
from subsequent damage to the structure
·Continually improves with time
Multifunctional admixture
·Does not contain stearates, sodiums or silicates
·Not a hydrophobic type product
·Not a surface densification product
·Assists concrete
in the hydration process, acting as a catalyst to un-hydrated
cement particles already existing in the concrete
·Water-reducing, increasing workability of fresh concrete
·Increases compressive strength of hardened concrete
·Non-toxic
·Approved for portable water use
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Integral Capillary System Concrete Waterproofing
Penetron or Penetron Plus
In-depth waterproofing property
·Penetrates deeply, and impermeability lasts as long as the concrete
·System becomes an integral part of the concrete, forming a complete body of
strength and durability
·Waterproofing and chemical resistance property remain intact even if the surface is
damaged
Completely effective against high hydrostatic pressure
·Idea for below grade application, reservoirs and pipelines
·Does not require protection during backfilling, placement of steel or wire mesh and
other common procedures
·Protects against waterborne ground contaminants
Protects reinforcing steel from corrosion
·Resists chemical attack (PH
3-11 constant contact; PH2-12 periodic contact) and
provides a wide range of protection from freeze/thaw cycles, aggressive waters,
sea water, carbonates, chlorides, sulfates and nitrates
·Stops ingress of water required for AAR
·Allows concrete to breathe, eliminating vapor buildup and leaving the concrete
completely dry
Will grow crystals years after initial application
·Will re-activate in the presence of moisture
·Self-heals hairline cracks of up to 0.4mm and stop water ingress that may occur
from subsequent damage to the structure
·Continually improves with time
Efficient application method
·Can be applied from either the positive or negative side
·Can be applied to moist or green concrete
·Can be used for new or existing concrete
·Compatible with waterbased glues and surface coatings
High-growth technology
·Zero VOC
·Does not contain stearates, sodiums or silicates
·Not a hydrophobic type product
·Not a surface densification product
·Non-toxic
·Approved for portabl
e water use
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ICS/Penetron International LTD.
--
Integral Capillary System Concrete Waterproofing
ICS/Penetron International LTD.
Benefits of Penetron Technology
--
Penetron Admix
Benefits to Property Owners
·Cost effective
·Lowers overall project costs
·Permanent waterproofing system
·Requires no maintenance
·Increases the quality of the concrete for structural performance and integrity
·Increases usage of infrastructure
·Eliminates down-time and costs associated with maintenance and repairs
·Reduces project time requirements
·Long-term manufacturer’s warranty
·Manufacturer’s history of international success in various climatic & environmental
conditions
Benefits to Contractors
·Unmatched technical support
·Reduces application errors associated with installation of other systems
·Improves pouring and placement of concrete
·Eliminates construction delays due to elimination of traditional waiting period to
install membranes on cured concrete
--
Penetron or
Penetron Plus
Benefits to Property Owners
·Cost effective
·Lowers overall project costs
·Permanent waterproofing system
·Requires no maintenance
·Long-term manufacturer’s warranty
·Manufacturer’s history of international success in various climatic & environmental
conditions
Benefits to Contractors
·Unmatched technical support
·Reduces application errors associated with installation of other systems
·Reduces risk of membrane failure
·Requires no protective cement mortar in comparison with other systems
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Integral Capillary System Concrete Waterproofing
Penetron
Penetron Plus
Penetron Admix
Membranes
(Positive Side)
Cementitious material
applied on concrete
surface to transfer
needle-like crystals to
infiltrate the concrete
mass
·Improves with time
·Resistance to
exceeding 150m
head pressure
·Withstands 3Mpa in
permeability test
Cementitious material
added into fresh
concrete to form
needle-like crystals
within the concrete
mass
·Improves with time
·Conti
nuous
self-healing ability
·Initiates full hydration
Protection of
reinforcing
steel
·
Prevents corrosion of
reinforcing steel by
stopping passage of
water and chlorides
·
Permanent protection
·Prevents any
permeation of water
and chlorides
·No negative side
protection
·Easily leaks at the
joints and seams
Crack
self-healing
ability
·Will re-activate in the
presence of
moisture to seal new
cracks even years
later
·Rigid material, can
not bear excessive
transformation, but
self heals minor
cracks of up to
0.4mm
·Will re-activate in the
presence of
moisture to seal new
cracks even years
later
·Reduces cracking in
plastic and curing
stage
·Self heals minor
cracks of up to
0.4mm in the
presence of
moisture
· Improves durability
by removing water
within concrete
·Eliminates water
penetration at
cracks
·Easily repaired from
positive or negative
side
· Wide range of
options are available
·Repairs are cost
effective
· self-healing ability
No
Description
Resistance to
hydrostatic
water
pressure
Crack
resistance
Freeze/thaw
durability
Repair
requirement
· Improves durability
by removing water
within concrete
·Eliminates water
penetration at
cracks
·Permanent
waterproofing
protection, does not
need repair
Other Surface
Applied Products
Liquid and sheet
applied bitumens and
polymers affixed to the
concrete surface
Materials applied to
concrete surface
containing mainly
water repellents and
sealants
·Protection breached
by any pinhole or
seam
·Once leaking, will
require replacement
·Reduces initial
absorption but will
deteriorate with time
·Limited penetration
leads to poor
resistance to
hydrostatic pressure
·No negative side
protection
·Limited protection as
it slows the water
ingress in uncracked
areas
· self-healing ability
No
·Can bear excessive
transformation
·Limited time
protection at existing
cracks locations
·No crack resistance
·Temporarily fills
existing cracks
·Slow deteriorating
factors initially
·Slow deterior
ating
factors initially
·No durability at crack
locations
·Difficult to repair
·Difficult to locate
pinholes and poor
joints
·May require total
removal & repair
·Expensive and
sometimes
impossible due to
accessibility
·Repairs may require
removal of previous
materials
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ICS/Penetron International LTD.
Comparison of Penetron Products to Other
Waterproofing Systems
Integral Capillary System Concrete Waterproofing
Application
Surface
preparation
Construction
schedule
Effective land
usage
Sub-surface
drainage
system
·Applied by brush/
spray to positive or
negative side of
old/new concrete
·Or, dry shake
application on
horizontal fresh
concrete surface
·Needs coarse, water
saturated, clean
surface for brush or
spray
·No surface prep for
dry shake
·Can be applied
during concrete
finishing or anytime
following
·
Can be applied to the
negative side of
concrete allowing
construction tight to
property lines
·Not required
Additional
coatings
·Can be finished wit
h
coatings, tiles, etc.
Maintenance
·Not only as a surface
coating
·Maintenance not
required
·Permanent and
improves with time
Service life
Penetron Admix
·Mixed at batch plant
or on-site
·No additional
applications
required
·No surface
preparation
·Added into fresh
concrete at the time
of batching
·Saves 10-50% time
and construction
costs
·Can build tight with
property lines
·Not required
·Does not affect
coatings
·Adhesion excellent
for coatings or tiles
·Maintenance not
required for the life
of the concrete
·Life time of concrete
Membranes
(Positive Side)
Other Surface
Applied Products
·Liquids: brush
application
·Sheets: glued or
welded to the
concrete surface
·Correct joints and
seams critical to
performance
·Clean surface
·Dry surface
·Smooth surface
·Only applied to
positive side
·Substrate profile
critical to
performance
·Must be applied at
completion of
structural work
·Require protective
cement mortar
·Some require 28
days cured concrete
·
Similar scheduling as
membranes
·Spaces required
between property
line and concrete for
membrane
installation
·Require drainage
under high
hydrostatic
pressures
·Require protective
mortar prior to
surface finishes
·Spaces required
between property
line and concrete for
surface application
·Costly replacement
generally required
·Re-application
required under
hydrostatic
conditions
·Best when first
applied
·Deteriorate with time
·Vulnerable to surface
damage
·Become brittle with
age resulting in
cracks and openings
·Surface damage will
eliminate protection
·Needs surface prep
depending on
products
requirements
·Require drainage
under high
hydrostatic
pressures
·May require special
preparation prior to
surface finishes
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ICS/Penetron International LTD.
Penetron
Penetron Plus
Integral Capillary System Concrete Waterproofing
ICS/Penetron International LTD.
Penetron Foundation Treatment
Positive Side Waterproofing
--
Concrete surface waterproofing treat
ment
Penetron is applied on the surface of concrete by brush or spray.
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Integral Capillary System Concrete Waterproofing
ICS/Penetron International LTD.
Negative Side Waterproofing
--
Concrete surface waterproofing treatment
Penetron is applied on the surface of concrete by brush or spray.
Concrete self-waterproofing treatment
Penetron Admix is added into concrete at the time of batching for complete integral
waterproofing.
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Integral Capillary System Concrete Waterproofing
ICS/Penetron International LTD.
Application of Penetron Products
Application of Penetron
--
Surface Preparation
The concrete surface must be structurally sound and free of dirt, soil, oil, release
agents, laitance or any other foreign materials which may impair the bond,
penetration and/or overall performance of Penetron materials.
Extremely smooth concrete surfaces must be waterblasted or sandblasted to make
sure the concrete surface has an open capillary system.
Rout out visible cracks e
xceeding 0.4mm in size to a depth of 20mm to 25mm. Also
rout out honeycombed pockets and faulty construction joints to sound concrete.
Construction joints are routed or provided with a formed 20mm*20mm reglet.
Wet down dry surfaces prior to the application of Penetron materials. Moisture must
be present in the concrete strata to ensure maximum chemical penetration. Surfaces
must be damp when Penetron products are applied.
--
Mixing
Brush application: 0.8-1.5kg/m2, 5 parts Penetron to 2 parts water
Spray application: 0.8-1.5kg/m2, 5 parts Penetron to 2.75-to-3.25 parts water (varies
with climate and spray equipment)
Penetron should be mixed to the consistency of thick latex paint. Stir the slurry
mixture frequently during the application and prepare only as much as can be applied
within a 30-minute period.
--
Application
Apply Penetron coating by masonry-type brush (artificial fibers, if available). For
spray application, drop hopper or piston pump type equipment is recommended.
Pri
or to application of Penetron coatings, fill form tie holes, rout out cracks, honey
bombs, reglets and seal strips at construction joints with Penecrete Mortar in a
laminating layer of 2.5cm to 3cm. Prime concrete surface of these areas with one
slurry coat of Penetron prior to applying Penecrete Mortar.
Penetron slurry must be applied to damp concrete surface. Second coat should be
applied when first coat is dry to the touch. A light misting of water may be required
between coats in hot/dry climates.
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Integral Capillary System Concrete Waterproofing
Dry sprinkle Penetron or Penetron Plus on “still plastic” concrete by broadcasting or
with a fine mesh sieve, in specified quantities. Work the slab surface with wood flat or
power trowel until required finish has been achieved.
--
Coverage
Horizontal concrete surface: Penetron at 1.4 to 1.6kg/m2. Apply in one slurry coat or
powder application when concrete reaches initial set. Trowel or float to specified
finish. Penetron P
lus powder application at 0.5kg/m2 when concrete reaches initial
set. Trowel or float to specified finish.
Vertical concrete surfaces: Penetron at 1.4 to 1.6kg/m2. Apply in two coats (0.8kg.per
coat).
--
Curing
Except for extremely hot weather and very Iow humidity, curing of the Penetron
system is not required. In these extreme conditions curing, using a light water misting,
must begin as soon as the Penetron coating has hardened sufficiently. Under most
conditions it is sufficient to mist the areas treated with Penetron three times a day for
the first day. In extremely hot climates spraying may be required more frequently and
for several days.
Penetron Plus (trowel applied): Follow concrete specifications for curing procedures.
--
Temperature requirement
Penetron system can be applied in coating or in mortar form when the temperature is
above 32 degrees Fahrenheit or 0 degrees Centigrade.
Penetron Plus (trowel applied) can be applied in temperatures where concrete can be
placed.
Follow concrete specifications for protection requirements according to
standard concrete procedures.
- 16 -
ICS/Penetron International LTD.
Horizontal concrete surfaces: Apply Penetron slurry in one coat with stiff bristle
brush/broom or squeegee.
Integral Capillary System Concrete Waterproofing
--
Dosage rate
Penetron Admix: 0.8%-1% by weight of the cementitious materials, including fly ash,
silica fume, etc.
Note: Under certain conditions the dosage rate may have to be increased to 2% - 3%,
depending on the quantity and type of total cementitious materials.
--
Application
Ready Mix Plant-Dry Batch Operation: Add Penetron Admix in powder form to the
drum of the ready-mix truck. Drive the truck under the batch plant and add 60%-70%
of the required water along with 136-227kg of aggregate. Mix the materials for 2-3
minutes to ensure the Admix is distributed evenly throughout the mix water. Add the
balance of materials to the ready-mix truck in accordance with standard batch
pra
ctices.
Ready Mix Plant- Central Mix Operation: Mix Penetron Admix with water to form a
very thin slurry (e.g., 18kg of powder mixed with 22.7 liters of water). Pour the
required amount of material into the drum of the ready-mix truck. The aggregate,
cement and water should be batched and mixed in the plant in accordance with
standard practices (taking into account the quantity of water that has already been
placed in the ready-mix truck). Pour the concrete into the truck and mix for at least 5
minutes to ensure even distribution of Penetron Admix throughout the concrete.
Precast Batch Plant: Add Penetron Admix to the rock and sand, and then mix
thoroughly for 2-3 minutes before adding cement and water. The total concrete mass
should be blended using standard practices.
--
Note
Penetron Admix is compatible with other water-reducing admixtures and
superplasticizers.
Retardation of set may occur when using Penetron Admix. Trial mixes should be
carried out under project conditions to de
termine setting time. Once the concrete mix
design is determined, without testing any adjustment of the dosage rate is prohibited.
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ICS/Penetron International LTD.
Application of Penetron Admix
Integral Capillary System Concrete Waterproofing
ICS/Penetron International LTD.
QA/QC of Penetron Products
QA/QC of Penetron
Project:
Application Section:
Client:
Contractor:
Date of Inspection:
Before-Application Inspection:
Surface Repair:
[
]
Spalling repair
[
]
Void repair
[
]
Construction debris removed
[
]
Sandblast
[
]
Acid Etch
[
]
Waterblast
[
]
Scabbling
Smooth Surface Treatment:
Crack repair
[
]
[
]
[
]
/
]
Final Wash-down (High pressure water)
Comments on surface preparation:
During-Application Inspection:
Mixing Product:
Mix water quality
Mix rater
[
Application rate
Number of coats
Application by brush
Or spray
[
1[
kg/m2]
] or 2 [
]
[
]
[
]
- 18 -
Integral Capillary System Concrete Waterproofing
ICS/Penetron Internationa
l LTD.
After-Application Inspection:
Observe and comment on consistency of application:
Thickness:
Coverage:
Joints:
Overlap:
Penetration:
Curing Program:
Water fogging [
] times per day, for [ ] days
Volume of product used in this section:
[
kgs]
Surface area treated
[
m2 ]
Comments:
Inspected by:
Date:
- 19 -
Integral Capillary System Concrete Waterproofing
ICS/Penetron International LTD.
QA/QC of Penetron Admix
Pre Casting
Project:
Type of Structure:
Section Identification:
Date of Inspection:
Date of Proposed Casting:
Curing Proposed?
Yes/No
Curing Period
Curing Type:
Water
Burlap (Wetted)
Sand/Water
Chemical (Note Brand or Type)
Days
Plastic
Site Condition Report:
Construction Debris Removed
Yes/No
Formwork Clean and Sound
Yes/No
Rebar Clean, Secure (well tied)
Yes/No
Construction Joints Prepared
Yes/No
General Site Conditions:
Casting Surface- Construction Joint/ Lean Concrete/ Plastic Sheeting/Packed Earth/
Formwork/ Other
Evidence of Ground Water
Flow or Seepage?
Surface Water Runoff or Drainage Points Created?
Waterbar Installed
Yes/No
Type
Condition of Waterbar Installation:
Nature and location of all defects to be described in detail
Inspected by:
Witnessed by:
- 20 -
Integral Capillary System Concrete Waterproofing
Specification
Specified Characteristic Strength:
28 days
Target Mean Strength:
Free-water/Cement Ratio:
Type of concrete:
Concrete Slump:
Cementitious Materials
Cement
Type:
Content:
Silica Fume Content:
Fly Ash
Content:
Other
Type:
Content:
Aggregates
Type
Coarse:
Fine :
Relative Density of Aggregates:
Nominal Coarse Aggregate Size:
Grading of Fine Aggregate:
Coarse Aggregate Content:
Fine Aggregate Content:
Water
Free Water Content:
Admixtures
Type: Penetron Admix
Dosage:
Other
per 100kg cementitious materials
Type:
Dosage:
Type:
Dosage:
Inspected by:
Witnessed by:
Date:
- 21 -
ICS/Penetron International LTD.
Concrete Mix Design
Integral Capillary System Concrete Waterproofing
ICS/Penetron International LTD.
Post Casting
Volume of Concrete:
Cast Section Identification:
Date of Inspection:
Date of Casting:
Date of Formwork Removed:
Curing Applied? Yes/No
Curing Period
Days
Curing Type:
Water
Burlap (Wetted)
Plastic
Sand/Water
Chemical
Formwork
Condition Report:
Evidence of Honeycombing?
Yes/No/Photo
Evidence of Cracking?
Yes/No/Photo
Evidence of water leakage?
Yes/No/Photo
Exposed rebar
Tie Bolt Holes
Yes/No/Photo
Yes/No/Photo
Finish Surface Condition:
Waterbar Installed
Yes/No
Condition of Waterbar Installation:
Is it continuous?
Re-welding required?
Cleaning required?
All defects to be described in detail, including location, extent, apparent depth, etc.
Inspected by:
Witnessed by:
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Integral Capillary System Concrete Waterproofing
Zhongguancun, Beijing, China
Penetron is used for the basement
waterproofing of Zhongguancun West
Zone.
House of Rest Zelehnogorsk, St.
Petersburg, RUSSIA
This cathedral is of immense impor
tance
in Russia as the last Russian Emperor
Nicholas II and his family is buried here.
In 1995, Penetron system was used for
the protection and waterproofing of all
above and below grade masonry’s.
Regent Heights Condo. , Singapore
Penetron Admix was used in semibasement car park slabs and first floor
ground slabs.
SenKang Square, Singapore
Penetron Admix was used on basement
slabs and walls.
- 23 -
ICS/Penetron International LTD.
Project Case History
Integral Capillary System Concrete Waterproofing
ICS/Penetron International LTD.
Test Data
Penetron
--
Laboratory Testing of PENETRON Waterproofing System
Riga Technical University Determination of Waterproofing
RTU Testing Review Nr.64-98 Determination of Waterproofing
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Tests X-Ray Diffraction Analysis
Test Report/Shenzhen, China
--
Compressive Strength
--
Shimel and Sor 12/21/94
Shimel and Sor 11/22/93
AITA 4/3/85
--
Shimel and Sor 12/21/94
AITA 8/7/85
AITA 12/10/90
Microscopic Examinat
ions
--
Shimel and Sor 12/21/94
--
Water Permeability Tests
Analysis of Concrete for Penetron Content
Shimel and Sor 12/21/94
Chemical Resistance
--
Chloride Content
Shimel and Sor 10/19/93
Chemical Resistance/Corrosion Chart
--
Shimel and Sor 12/21/94
Shear and Bond Tests
Toxicity
--
Shimel and Sor 12/21/94
AITA 3/7/85
AITA 3/8/85
Riga 4/97
Acute Oral Toxicity
Migration of toxic Element
Cytotoxicity Test
Penetron Admix
SETSCO Singapore-crack bridging report on Terminal 3, Changi Airport
Impermeability, University of Aleppo
Penetron Admix effect on concrete- Helsinki
ACCI-University of NSW, Australia- full examination of Penetron Admix effect on
concrete
SETSCO Singapore-microscopic examination of crack bridging effect of Penetron
Admix on PBFC concrete
SETSCO Singapore-performance assessment of Penetron Admix
Microscopic
examination
of concrete
at 14 days
Microscopic
examination
of concrete
at 28 days
- 24 -
Integral Capillary System Concrete Waterproofing
SETSCO
SERVICES PTE LTD
18 Teban Gardens Crescent
Singapore 608925
Tel: (65) 6566 7777
Fax: (65) 6566 7718
Website: www.setsco.com
Our Ref: A6127/CHF
TEST REPORT
Date: 25/10/02
Page 1 of 4
(This Report is issued subject to the terms & conditions set out below)
MICROSCOPIC ANALYSIS ON THE CONCRETE
CORES FROM RETAINING WALL
AT CHANGI AIRPORT TERMINAL 3
Prepared for:
REVERTON ENGINEERING(S) PTE LTD
605A Macpherson Road #06-02
Citimac Industrial Complex
Singapore 368240
Attn: Mr. Gary Loh
Report prepared by:
Chen Hong Fang
Senior Engineer
Construction Technology Division
Report received and approved by:
Wong Chung Wan
Divisional Director
Construction Technology Department
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Integral Capillary System Concrete Waterproofing
A6127/CHF
Page 2 of 4
1. INTRODUCTION
Cracking and seepage of water on the retaining wall at Changi Airport Terminal 3 was
reported by Reverton Engineering(s) Pte Ltd (herein refers to as the client). SETSCO
has been engaged by the client to carry out laboratory
analysis to determine the crack
width and crystal growth in the crack on the concrete cores extracted from the said
structure.
The proposed basement was constructed with three sides of wall, labeled as wall 1-3
in this report (refer to figure 1 in Appendix A). Thickness of the wall was about
600mm. PENETRON waterproofing admixture was said to be used in the concrete.
Water leakage was found along the crack line and tie pin after backfill. However, the
water leakage has been stopped on wall 1, which was cast somewhere in 2001. Sign of
efflorescence was found on all three sides of the walls. Most of the efflorescence
emanated from the tie pins, but cracks with some sign of efflorescence were also
noted at some areas (Refer to the photographs in Appendix).
A total of three core samples were extracted from wall 1 on 05/10/2002. Samples S1
and S3 were extracted from crack area while sample S2 was taken at the tie pin.
During extraction, the cores were drilled to a depth of 400mm but due to
the presence
of reinforcement, the length of the core S3 removed was only 240mm.
The concrete mix design furnished by the client is given in Appendix A.
2. MICROSCOPIC ANALYSIS
The microscopic analysis was performed on a ground section using a stereo
microscope and metallurgical microscope and on a thin section with a polarizing and
fluorescent microscope (PFM) under transmitted and reflected light. For preparation
of the ground section, a small block of the sample was cut and ground to attain a
smooth finish. For preparation of a thin section, a small concrete block was sawn from
the core sample, glued to an object glass and impregnated with an epoxy resin
containing a fluorescent dye. After hardening of the epoxy, a thin section with a
surface area of approximately 33*63mm and a thickness of 20-30mm was prepared
for PFM analysis.
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Integral Capillary System Concrete Waterproofing
A6127/CHF
Page 3 of 4
Under transmitted light, the various components (type of cement and ag
gregates), air
voids content, compaction pores and damage phenomena in the samples were
identified. Under reflected light, the fluorescent microscopy made it possible to study
the homogeneity of the mix and cement paste, capillary porosity, microcracks and
other defects in the samples. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy
Dispersive X-ray (EDX) Analysis technique was also applied for semi-quantitatively
analysis of the element composition of the crystals present in the crack and
topography of the crystals.
In summary, SEM utilizes a beam of electrons in a vacuum environment to form an
image of the surface topography of a sample. A high level of resolution and good
depth of view characterize such magnified images. The characteristic X-ray emitted
from the sample surface upon being irradiated with the electrons are then analyzed
using an EDX accessory/detector that is coupled to the SEM, allowing evaluation of
the % elemental content at the irradiated areas/spots on the sample.
3. RESULTS
I) Visual examination
The length of the cores varied from 240mm to 310mm. Crack perpendicular to the
surface was noted in samples S1 and S3. The width of the crack ranged from 0.04mm
to 0.3mm. The paste matrix appeared light gray in color while the paste matrix was
noted to be generally light gray.
Thin sections were prepared at the top of sample S2 and the end of sample S3 for
further microscopic analysis. Stereo microscope and SEM-EDX analysis were
performed on sample S3 to determine the presence of the crystals in the crack and
their elemental composition.
ii) Microscopic analysis
Under stereo microscope, a lot of coarse-grained elongated crystals were seen lining
the crack. Thin section of sample S3 showed that coarse-grained elongated crystals
and fine-grained needle-like crystals in the crack. All these crystals showed low
birefringence under crossed polarized microscope.
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Integral Capillary System Concrete Waterproofing
A6127/CHF
Page 4 of 4
Further scann
ing electron microscope and energy dispersive X-ray analysis were
performed on the crystals present in the crack. The coarse-grained elongated crystal
(BEI image in Appendix) contained mainly Calcium (Ca), Oxygen (O) and Silicon
(Si). The fine-grained needle-like crystal was predominantly made up of Calcium (Ca),
Silicon (Si), Oxygen (O), Sulfur (S), Aluminum (Al), which was probably ettringite
(C6AS3H32).
Well-formed CaCO3 crystals were present as laminated texture on the surface of
sample S2.
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Integral Capillary System Concrete Waterproofing
APPENDIX A
Wall 2
Wall 3
Wall 1
Figure 1: The layout of the retaining wall
Casting date of extracted cores
Sample reference
Date of cast
S1
19/12/2001
S2
19/12/2001
S3
06/08/2001
- 29 -
Integral Capillary System Concrete Waterproofing
CONCRETE MIX DESIGN
Project
Contractor
Date
Ref
: Pile Foundation & Basement Construction For Terminal 3
Singapore Changi Airport
: Sato Kogyo., Ltd
: 8th March 2001
: RE/SK/PU/40P/01
Conc
rete Grade
40
Pump
1
Specification
1.1 Specific Characteristic Strength
1.2 Designed Standard Deviation
1.3 Design Margin
1.4 Target Mean Strength
1.5 Free Water/Cement Ratio
1.6 Type of Concrete
1.7 Concrete slump
2 Cement
2.1 Cement Type
2.2 Cement Content
3 Aggregates
3.1 Aggregate Type
Coarse
Fine
3.2 Relative Density of Aggregates
3.3 Normal Aggregate Size
3.4 Grading of Fine Aggregate
3.5 Coarse Aggregate Content: SSD
3.6 Fine Aggregate Content: SSD
4 Water
4.1 Free Water Content
5 Admixtures
5.1 Admixture Type 1
Dosage
5.2 Admixture Type 2
Dosage
6 Summary
(Batch weighs (SSD) Per Cubic Metre of Concrete)
Grade
Slump
Cement
Coarse
Fine
Agg
Agg
40
100±25mm 398
1000
695
40N/mm2 at 28 days in accordance with BS 5328
4.6 N/mm2
7.5 N/mm2
47.5 N/mm2
0.46
Pump Concrete
100±25mm
Ordinary Portland Cement
398kg/m3
Crushed Granite
Natural Sand/ Manufactured Sand
2.60-2.65
20mm
BS 882 Table 5
1000 Kg/m3
695 Kg/m3
185 Kg/m3
Penetron (mix design) Admixture
0.8 kg per 100 kg of cement
Dara
tard 88. Water reducing, plasticizing and set retarding
550 ml per 100kg cement
Kg/m3
Water
185
Admix
Penetron
3.18
A/C
W/C
Density
4.26
0.46
2281.18
- 30 -
Integral Capillary System Concrete Waterproofing
APPENDIX B
PHOTOGRAPHS
A6127/CHF
A crack connecting with tie pin with sign of
Efflorescence was observed on wall 1
Sign of efflorescence was found along the
crack line on wall 1.
The location of sample S1 extracted at the
cracked area on wall.
A 75mm diameter core containing a crack at
Wall 1 was extracted for laboratory analysis.
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Integral Capillary System Concrete Waterproofing
A6127/CHF
A crack perpendicular to the exposed surface
was seen in core S1.
Core S2 was extracted at the tie pin on wall 1.
Relative thick whitish substance was on the
surface of core S2.
Sign of efflorescence was found along the crack
line where core S3 was taken on wall 1.
A crack perpendicular to the exposed surface
was seen in core S3.
A crack perpendicular to the exposed
surface
was seen in core S3.
- 32 -
Integral Capillary System Concrete Waterproofing
A6127/CHF
Sample S3: Some crystals grew in the crack.
Sample S3: Abundant coarse-grained crystals in
the crack.
Sample S2: Laminated CaCO3 crystals on the
surface of the concrete. The width of the field
is 3.88mm under plane light.
Sample S2: Laminated CaCO3 crystals on the
surface of the concrete. The width of the field is
3.88mm under crossed polarized light.
Sample S3: Coarse-grained elongated crystals
and fine-grained needle-like crystals were lining
the crack. The width of the field is 3.88mm under
plane light.
Sample S3: Backscattered electron image (BEI)
showed some crystals was in the crack.
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Integral Capillary System Concrete Waterproofing
A6127/CHF
Sample S3: Backscattered electron image (BEI)
showed elongated crystals and fine needle-like
crystals in the crack.
Sample S3: High magnified view of needle-like
crystals in the crack.
Sample S3: Secondary electron image (SE
I)
EDX spectrum of elongated crystals in the crack.
EDX spectrum of needle-like crystals in the crack.
Sample S3: Secondary electron image (SEI)
showed coarse-grained flaky crystals in the crack.
Sample S3: SEI image showed the crystals in the
Crack.
- 34 -
Integral Capillary System Concrete Waterproofing
Client ICS/Penetron International Ltd., 45 Research Way, Suite 203, East
Setauket, NY 11733
Project Information of Client
Subject Laboratory Testing of Penetron Waterproofing System
Report No.: 95-387
Date: 01/24/95
Reference is made to our report No. 94-6175, dated December 21, 1994. In
that report, effects of Penetron coating on the properties of concrete
were reported. As indicated in that report, the depth of penetration of
some of the components of Penetron were as deep as 50 mm, although most
penetrations were down to 10 mm depths of the concrete surface.
At the Client's request, additional studies were performed to determine
and photograph the type of materials penetr
I)
EDX spectrum of elongated crystals in the crack.
EDX spectrum of needle-like crystals in the crack.
Sample S3: Secondary electron image (SEI)
showed coarse-grained flaky crystals in the crack.
Sample S3: SEI image showed the crystals in the
Crack.
- 34 -
Integral Capillary System Concrete Waterproofing
Client ICS/Penetron International Ltd., 45 Research Way, Suite 203, East
Setauket, NY 11733
Project Information of Client
Subject Laboratory Testing of Penetron Waterproofing System
Report No.: 95-387
Date: 01/24/95
Reference is made to our report No. 94-6175, dated December 21, 1994. In
that report, effects of Penetron coating on the properties of concrete
were reported. As indicated in that report, the depth of penetration of
some of the components of Penetron were as deep as 50 mm, although most
penetrations were down to 10 mm depths of the concrete surface.
At the Client's request, additional studies were performed to determine
and photograph the type of materials penetr
... ascunde
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