Documentatie atasata la

Programe software pentru arhitectura, instalatii, structuri beton, metal CYPE

Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD

Limba: Engleza

220 afisari

Tip documentatie: Fisa tehnica

Pagina 1 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza 2

IMPORTANT: PLEASE READ THE...

2 IMPORTANT: PLEASE READ THE FOLLOWING TEXT CAREFULLY. The information contained in this document is property of CYPE Ingenieros, S.A. and can neither be reproduced nor transferred partially or completely in any way or by any means, be it electrically or mechanically, under any circumstances, without previous written authorisation of CYPE Ingenieros, S.A. Copyright infringement may be constituted as a crime (article 270 and onwards of the Penal code). This document and the information it contains form an integral part of the documentation accompanying the User License of CYPE Ingenieros S.A. programs and cannot be separated. Therefore it is protected by the same laws and rights. Do not forget to read, understand and accept the User License Contract of the software of which this documentation forms part of before using any component of the product. If the terms and conditions of the User License Contract are NOT accepted, immediately return the software and all the elements accompan

Pagina 1-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza 2

IMPORTANT: PLEASE READ THE FOLLOWING TEXT...

Pagina 2 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza ying the product to where it was...

ying the product to where it was first acquired for a complete refund. This manual corresponds to the software version indicated by CYPE Ingenieros, S.A. as CYPECAD. The information contained in this document substantially describes the properties and methods of use of the program o programs accompanying it. The information contained in this document could have been modified after its mechanical edition without issuing a warning. The software accompanying this document can be submitted to modifications without issuing a previous warning. CYPE Ingenieros, S.A. has other services available, one of these being the Updates, which allows the user to acquire the latest versions of the software and accompanying documentation. If there are any doubts with respect to this text or with the software User License or for any queries, please contact CYPE Ingenieros, S.A. by consulting the corresponding Authorised Local Distributor or the After-sales department at: Avda. Eusebio Sempere, 5 – 0300

Pagina 2-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza ying the product to where it was first acquired ...

Pagina 3 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza 3 Alicante (Spain) • Tel : +34 965 ...

3 Alicante (Spain) • Tel : +34 965 92 25 50 • Fax: +34 965 12 49 50 • www.cype.com CYPE Ingenieros, S.A. Edited and printed in Alicante (Spain) Windows is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation. CYPE CYPECAD - Calculations manual Presentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 1.7.3. Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34 1.8. Combinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34 1. Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 1.8.1. Ultimate limit states . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34 1.1. Description of problems to resolve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 1.9. Data entry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35 1.2. Description of the analysis undertaken by the program . . . . . . .9 1.9.1. General data of the job . . . . .

Pagina 3-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza 3 Alicante (Spain) • Tel : +34 965 92 25 50...

Pagina 4 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35 1.3. Discretisation of the structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 1.9.2. Loads. Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37 1.3.1. Node sizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 1.9.3. Wind loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37 1.3.2. Force envelopes at supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 1.9.4. Seismic loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37 1.4. Analysis options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 1.9.5. Fire resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38 1.4.1. Redistributions considered by the program . . . . . . . . . . .16 1.9.6. Additional loadcases (special loads) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38 1.4.2. Stiffnesses considered by the program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 1.9.7

Pagina 4-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35

...

Pagina 5 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza . Limit states (combinations) . . . ....

. Limit states (combinations) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38 1.4.3. Torsional stiffness coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 1.4.4. Axial stiffness coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 1.9.8. General data of floor/groups, columns, column starts and shear walls (Column Definition tab) . . . . . . . .38 1.4.6. Other options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 1.9.10. Loads. Sloped beams. Diagonal bracing . . . . . . . . . . . .48 1.4.5. Minimum moments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 1.9.9. Floor slab data (Column Definition tab) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40 1.5. Loads to consider . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 1.9.11. Stairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48 1.5.1. Vertical loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 1.10. Analysis of the struc

Pagina 6 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza ture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...

ture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49 1.6. Materials used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32 1.11.1. Consulting on screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50 1.5.2. Horizontal loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24 1.11. Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50 1.6.1. Concrete for foundations, slabs, columns and walls . . . . .32 1.11.2. Printed reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53 1.6.2. Bar steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32 1.11.3. Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54 1.6.3. Steel for steel columns, beams and baseplates . . . . . . . .33 1.12. Design and check of elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55 1.7. Weighting factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pagina 7 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza . . . . . . . . .33

1.12.2. Sloped...

. . . . . . . . .33 1.12.2. Sloped beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60 1.6.4. Integrated 3D structures materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33 1.12.1. Horizontal and inclined panel beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56 1.7.1. Analysis method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33 1.12.3. Steel beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60 1.7.2. Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33 1.12.4. Columns, shear walls and reinforced concrete walls . . . .61 CYPE 3 4 CYPECAD 1.12.5. Joist floor slabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63 3. Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88 1.12.7. Hollow core slabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64 3.1.1. Masonry wall properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88 1.12.6. Composite slabs .

Pagina 7-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza . . . . . . . . .33

1.12.2. Sloped beams . . . ...

Pagina 8 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64 3.1. Masonry walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88 1.12.8. Flat slabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64 3.1.2. Masonry wall introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89 1.12.9. Waffle slabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67 3.1.3. Correct use of masonry walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89 1.13. Beam deflections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67 3.2. Reinforced concrete walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92 1.14.1. One-way spanning slabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69 3.2.2. Load bearing walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95 1.14. Slab deflections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69 3.2.1. Reinforced concrete basement walls . . . . . . .

Pagina 9 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza . . . . . . . . .93

1.14.2....

. . . . . . . . .93 1.14.2. Composite slabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69 3.2.3. Correct use of reinforced concrete walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96 1.14.3. Flat and waffle slabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69 3.2.4. Wall design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97 1.14.4. Deflection between 2 points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69 3.2.5. Foundation design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98 1.14.5. Foundation elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77 3.3. Practical advice for reinforced concrete wall in buildings . . . .98 2.1. Discretisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78 4. Footings and pile caps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102 2.3. Design options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81 4.2. Advanced design of surface foundations

Pagina 9-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza . . . . . . . . .93

1.14.2. Composite slabs . ...

Pagina 10 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103

3....

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103 3.3.1. Revision of the analysis results of the wall . . . . . . . . . . . .99 2. Mat foundations and foundation beams . . . . . . .78 2.2. Subgrade modulus for mat foundations and foundation beams78 4.1. Footings and pile caps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102 2.4. Loads to consider . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81 4.3. Pad footings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104 2.5. Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81 4.3.1. Bearing pressures on the soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104 2.6. Checks and combinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81 4.3.2. Equilibrium states . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105 4.3.3. Concrete states . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105 2.7. Design of mat foundations and foundation b

Pagina 10-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103

3.3.1....

Pagina 11 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza eams . . . . . . . . .82

2.8....

eams . . . . . . . . .82 2.8. Analysis results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86 4.4. Strip footings below walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107 2.9.1. Foundation beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86 4.6. Tie beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108 4.5. Strap beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107 2.9. Element design and check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86 4.7. Pile caps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109 2.9.2. Mat foundations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87 2.10. General recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87 4.7.1. Design criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110 4.7.2. Sign criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pagina 11-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza eams . . . . . . . . .82

2.8. Analysis results ...

Pagina 12 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza . . . . . . . .110

2.10.1. Mat...

. . . . . . . .110 2.10.1. Mat foundations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87 4.7.3. Design and geometry considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110 2.10.2. Foundation beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87 CYPE CYPECAD - Calculations manual 6.6. Comments on the use of joist floor slabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121 4.8. Baseplates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112 4.9. Mass concrete footings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113 7. Sloped floor slabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124 4.9.1. Design of footings as rigid solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114 7.1. Element design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126 4.9.2. Design of footings as mass concrete structures . . . . . . .114 4.9.3. Design report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115 8. Composite beams . .

Pagina 12-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza . . . . . . . .110

2.10.1. Mat foundations . ....

Pagina 13 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127 4.11. Footings with non-rectangular limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117 10. Stairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131 4.10. Specific checks due to the code that has been considered (footings, beams and pile caps) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117 9. Composite slabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128 10.1. Common data of the staircase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131 5. Corbels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118 10.1.1. Geometrical properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131 6. Joist floor slabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119 10.1.2. Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132 6.1. Concrete joists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119 10.2. Staircase flight data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pagina 13-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127
...

Pagina 14 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132

6...

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132 6.1.2. Stiffness considered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119 10.3.1. View staircase reinforcement details . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133 6.1.1. Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119 10.3. Results, reports and drawings of the Stairs module . . . . . .133 6.1.3. Estimating the deflection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119 10.3.2. View forces and displacements using contour maps . . .133 6.2. Reinforced/Prestressed joists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119 10.3.3. Staircase design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .134 6.3. In-situ joist floor slabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120 10.3.4. Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .134 10.3.5. Stair drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .134 6.3.1. Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pagina 14-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132

6.1.2....

Pagina 15 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120 6.3.2. Stiffnesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120 11. Integrated 3D structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135 6.3.3. Estimating the deflection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120 6.3.4. Design for bending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120 12. Rigid Diaphragm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136 6.4. Steel joists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121 12.2 Rigid diaphragm in reinforced concrete walls, masonry walls and reinforced concrete block walls . . . . . . . . . . .136 12.1 Rigid diaphragm in exempt beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136 6.3.5. Design for shear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120 6.4.1. Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121 12.1. Load codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pagina 15-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120

6....

Pagina 16 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza . . . . . . . . .137

6.5. Open-web ...

. . . . . . . . .137 6.5. Open-web joists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121 12.2. Material codes 6.5.1. Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138 12.3. Combinations codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139 6.5.2. Considered stiffness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121 6.5.3. Joist design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121 13. Code implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137 CYPE 5 6 CYPECAD 14. Interaction of the structure with the construction elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140 14.1. Model used to analyse the effect of the non-structural elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145 14.2. Cracked or fissured states . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145 14.3. Analysis example . . . . . . . .

Pagina 16-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza . . . . . . . . .137

6.5. Open-web joists . . ....

Pagina 17 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147 14.3.1. Description of the structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147 14.3.2. Construction elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148 14.3.3. Seismic action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148 CYPE CYPECAD - Calculations manual Presentation CYPECAD is the software for reinforced concrete and steel buildings which provides the spatial analysis, structural element design, reinforcement and section edition, and construction drawings of the structure. It carries out the analysis of three dimensional structures composed of supports and floor slabs, including their foundations, and the automatic design of reinforced concrete and steel elements. If the user has acquired Metal 3D, integrated Metal 3D structures (steel and timber sections) can be included with 6 degrees of freedom per node, with the design and optimisation of sections. With CYPECAD, the engineer holds a precise and e

Pagina 17-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147...

Pagina 18 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza fficient tool to resolve all the...

fficient tool to resolve all the aspects related to the analysis of the structure of any type of concrete as well as being adapted to the latest international Codes. The user will always have complete control of the project, without risks. CYPE 7 8 CYPECAD CYPE CYPECAD - Calculations manual 1. Calculations 1.1. Description of problems to resolve The deformation compatibility is established at all nodes, taking into account 6 degrees of freedom and the hypothesis that each floor of the structure cannot be deformed, preventing any relative displacements between nodes of the floor (rigid diaphragm). Therefore, each floor will only be able to rotate and suffer displacements as a whole (3 degrees of freedom). CYPECAD has been conceived to carry out the force analysis and design of reinforced concrete and steel structures supporting joist floor slabs (generic, reinforced, prestressed, in-situ, steel and open web joists), hollow core plate slabs, composite slabs, waffle slabs and f

Pagina 18-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza fficient tool to resolve all the aspects related...

Pagina 19 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza lat slabs in
buildings exposed to...

lat slabs in buildings exposed to vertical and horizontal loading. The beams supporting the slabs can be reinforced concrete, steel or composite (steel and concrete) beams. The supports can consist of reinforced concrete or steel columns, reinforced concrete shear walls, reinforced concrete walls, with or without lateral pressures or masonry walls (generic or concrete block walls). The foundations can be composed of footings or pile caps, or alternatively by use of mat foundations. The foundations can be designed individually with respect to the rest of the structure by simply introducing the column starts. Reinforced concrete stairs, supported by the floor slabs can be also be introduced. The rigid diaphragm state for each independent zone is maintained even if only beams and no floor slabs have been introduced in the floor, , except for the case of exempt beams which the user disconnects from the rigid diaphragm and walls that are not in contact with floor slabs (as of the 2012.a ve

Pagina 19-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza lat slabs in
buildings exposed to vertical and...

Pagina 20 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza rsion) (please refer to chapter 12. ...

rsion) (please refer to chapter 12. Rigid diaphragm of this manual). When independent zones exist on a single floor, each one will be taken as a different section when regarding the deformations of the zone and the influence of the other zone will not be taken into account. Therefore, each floor will behave as independent non-deformable planes. A column which is not connected to an element is considered as an independent zone. Using the program, the technical drawings of the structure can be obtained which include the dimensions and reinforcement of beams, columns, shear walls and walls via plotter, printer and/or DXF/DWG or PDF files, as well as the analysis reports and results. If the Metal 3D license has been acquired, Integrated 3D structures can be introduced using steel, timber and aluminium bars. A static analysis is carried out for all load states (except when dynamic loading is considered due to seismic loading, in which case a modal spectral analysis is used). A linear beha

Pagina 20-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza rsion) (please refer to chapter 12. Rigid...

Pagina 21 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza viour of the materials is assumed...

viour of the materials is assumed and therefore, a first order analysis in obtaining displacements and forces. 1.2. Description of the analysis undertaken by the program When analysing Integrated 3D structures, 6 degrees of freedom will always be used. The analysis of the forces is carried out by means of a spatial 3D analysis using stiffness matrices forming all the elements defining the structure: columns, RC shear walls, beams and floor slabs. Stairs also have 6 degrees of freedom, are resolved independently and their reactions are transmitted to the structure. CYPE 9 10 CYPECAD 1.3. Discretisation of the structure inciding with the discretisation nodes along the wall support, which considerably increases its stiffness (x100). It can be interpreted as behaving as an extremely rigid supported beam with very short spans. The types of supports are: The structure is discretised as bar elements, bar and node meshes, and triangular finite elements as follows: • Columns - Th

Pagina 21-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza viour of the materials is assumed and therefore,...

Pagina 22 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza ese are vertical bars between floors...

ese are vertical bars between floors, with an initial node at the foundations or on another element such as a beam or slab, and other nodes at floor intersections, its axis being the cross section of the element. Eccentricities due to dimension variations with increasing height at each floor are considered. - The length of the bar is the height or free distance to the surface of other elements between its initial and final floors. Fixed. Displacements and rotations prevented in all directions Pinned. Prevented displacements but free rotation. Pinned with free horizontal displacement. No vertical displacement permitted but has free horizontal displacement and rotation. The effects these types of supports have on the remaining elements if the structure should be taken into account. If vertical movement of the structure has been prevented, all the structural elements supported by or connected to them will also have their vertical movement prevented. This is important if columns with e

Pagina 22-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza ese are vertical bars between floors, with an...

Pagina 23 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza xternal fixity are being used and...

xternal fixity are being used and are in contact with these types of supports; their load will be ‘absorbed’ by the support and will not be transmitted to the foundations. This may even cause negative reactions to arise, which represent the weight of the column or part of its weight ‘hanging’ at the wall support. • Beams These are defined on the floor layout by fixing nodes at intersections with the surfaces of support elements (columns, shear walls or walls), as well as at intersection points with floor slab elements and beams. This way nodes are created along the axis and at the ends, at the ends of overhanging beams, free ends or at contact points with other floor slab elements. They possess, by default, 3 degrees of freedom, maintaining the rigid diaphragm hypothesis between all the elements located on the floor. For example, a continuous beam supported by various columns will conserve the rigid diaphragm theory even though no floor slabs are present. Exempt beams can b

Pagina 23-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza xternal fixity are being used and are in contact...

Pagina 24 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza e disconnected from the rigid...

e disconnected from the rigid diaphragm. Please refer to chapter 12. Rigid diaphragm. Especially in the case of a pinned connection with displacement, when a beam is connected to the end of a wall support a fixed effect is obtained due to the beam being taken as an extension of the crown beam of the wall support. This can be observed in the force envelopes whereby negative moments are present at the end. In reality, it must be verified whether or not these conditions will actually be met on site as they must be complied with when it is executed. Reinforced concrete, steel and composite beams are available. Beams are discretised as bars whose axis coincides with the mid plane passing through the vertical web, and at the height of its centre of gravity. If the beam is not a straight extension of the wall support but deviated from its axis, a hinged effect is produced. Wall support simulation. Three types of beams (external fixity beam) are available which simulate a wall support whic

Pagina 24-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza e disconnected from the rigid diaphragm. Please ...

Pagina 25 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza h is discretised as a series of...

h is discretised as a series of supports co- If the beam is a straight extension of the wall support, but the user does not wish for the connection to behave as a fixed connection, the connection should be pinned. CYPE CYPECAD - Calculations manual These may be analysed based on their construction process in an approximate manner by modifying their edge fixities using a simplified method. It is not possible to obtain the reactions on this type of support. Foundation beams. These are ‘floating’ beams supported by elastic soil. They are discretised into nodes and bars, where the nodes are assigned a spring constant which, in turn, is defined by the subgrade modulus (see Mat foundations and foundation beams chapter). • Flat slabs Flat slabs are discretised as meshes of bar type elements possessing a maximum size of 25 cm. A static condensation is carried out (exact method) of all the degrees of freedom. Deformation due to shear is considered and the rigid diaphragm hypothesi

Pagina 25-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza h is discretised as a series of supports co-

If...

Pagina 26 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza s is maintained. The torsional...

s is maintained. The torsional stiffness of the elements is taken into account. • Sloped beams These are bars spanning between two points, which can be at the same elevation or floor, or at different floors and which create two nodes at these intersections. When a sloped beam joins two independent zones the non-deformable effect of the plane with rigid behaviour is not produced, as they possess six degrees of freedom without restrictions. • Composite slabs These are joist floor slabs discretised by bars every 40cm. They are made up of a flat slab and a ribbed deck which acts as formwork for the slab. The deck can be used so it behaves in the following ways: as lost formwork (Form deck) and contributing deck (Composite deck). For more information, please consult the Composite slabs chapter. • Corbels Please consult the Corbels chapter of this manual. • Joist floor slabs • Mat foundations Joists are bars defined within slabs between beams or walls which create nodes at

Pagina 26-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza s is maintained. The torsional
stiffness of the ...

Pagina 27 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza the face intersections and...

the face intersections and corresponding axis of the beam they intersect. Double or triple joists can also be defined. The geometry of the joist section with which each joist is simulated in the program is defined in the corresponding data file of the slab. Please consult the chapter on Joist floor slabs of this manual for more details. These are ‘floating’ solid slabs whose discretisation is identical to that of flat slabs used at floor levels and whose spring constant is defined based on the assigned subgrade modulus. Each slab is permitted to have different coefficients. (see Mat foundations and foundation beams chapter) • Waffle slabs Waffle slabs are discretised into bar type element meshes whose bar size is one third of the rib spacing defined in the data window of the slab. Their moment inertia (for both solid and lightweight zones) is half of the solid zone and the torsional inertia is double that of the moment inertia. • Hollow core slabs These are joist floor sl

Pagina 27-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza the face intersections and
corresponding axis...

Pagina 28 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza abs discretised by bars every
40cm. ...

abs discretised by bars every 40cm. The geometrical and resistance properties are defined in a slab properties sheet, which may be introduced by the user and hence create a library of hollow core slabs. CYPE 11 12 CYPECAD The dimensions of the mesh are kept constant for both solid and lightweight zones, adopting the previously indicated mean inertias at each zone. Deformation due to shear is considered and the rigid diaphragm hypothesis is maintained. The torsional stiffness of the elements is taken into account. of each side can be different at each floor and their thickness can be reduced at each floor. For walls, one of the transverse dimensions of each side must be at least five times greater than the other dimension. If this condition is not verified, their discretisation as a finite elements is not adequate and can be considered as being columns and treated as linear elements. • Shear walls Both beams and slabs can be connected to the sides of the walls at any position

Pagina 28-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza abs discretised by bars every
40cm. The...

Pagina 29 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza or direction. All nodes that
are...

or direction. All nodes that are generated correspond to one of the nodes of the triangular finite element mesh of the wall. These are vertical elements with any transverse section composed of multiple rectangles between each floor and defined by an initial and final floor. The dimensions of each side are constant in height, however their thicknesses may be modified. The discretisation is undergone by finite elements whereby the wall resembles a thick three dimensional sheet, which takes into account deformations due to shear. They are composed of six nodes, at the vertices and at the mid-points of the sides, each with six degrees of freedom. The wall is discretised into a triangular mesh adjusted to the dimensions of the wall, its geometry, openings and with a more refined mesh in critical zones, which reduces the size of the elements at angles, edges and singularities. For shear walls, one of the transverse dimensions of each side must be at least five times greater than the othe

Pagina 29-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza or direction. All nodes that
are generated...

Pagina 30 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza r dimension. If this condition is...

r dimension. If this condition is not verified, its discretisation as a finite element is not adequate and can be considered as being a column and treated as a linear element. Both beams and slabs can be connected to the sides of the walls at any position or direction, by means of a beam with a width of the thickness of the span and a constant depth of 25cm. The nodes do not coincide with the nodes of the beam. Walls which are not in contact with any floor slabs are not considered as rigid diaphragms at that floor level. Please consult chapter 12. Rigid diaphragm. • Stairs Stairs are discretised using triangular thick shell finite elements, for both sloping and horizontal spans. The start and end supports are discretised as a floor slab simulation by means of a beam with elevated stiffness, and the intermediate supports by means of elastic supports simulating real masonry walls or ties. The loadcases considered are only those corresponding to gravitational loads; dead and live lo

Pagina 30-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza r dimension. If this condition is not verified, ...

Pagina 31 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza ads.

Fig. 1.1 Shear wall examples

...

ads. Fig. 1.1 Shear wall examples • Reinforced concrete walls, masonry walls and reinforced concrete block walls These are vertical elements with any transverse section composed of multiple rectangles between each floor and defined by an initial and final floor. The dimensions Once the reactions have been established after a design process (carried out independently), they are inteCYPE CYPECAD - Calculations manual grated at the supports and represented as line loads, which are applied to the structure at its connection points and then included in the analysis of the complete structure. Their design has not been integrated in the analysis procedure due to the great impact of horizontal loads on them. 1.3.1. Node sizing A group of general nodes with finite dimensions is created at column axes and at intersections of slab elements with beam axes. Each general node has one or several associated nodes. The associated nodes are formed at intersections of slab elements with beam f

Pagina 32 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza aces and column faces,
and at...

aces and column faces, and at intersections of beam axes with column faces. Fig. 1.2 Discretisation of the structure δz1, θx1, θy1 are considered as being the displacements of column 1 and δz2, θx2, θy2 are considered as being the displacements of point 2, which represents the intersection of the beam axis with the face of the column. Ax and Ay are the coordinates of point 2 relative to point 1. Given that they are related due to their deformation compatibility with the assumed flat deformation, the general stiffness matrix and associated matrices can be resolved and hence obtain the displacements and forces in all the elements. The following conditions are met: As an example, the discretisation would be carried out as shown in the diagram below. Each finite dimension node can have several or no associated nodes, but there will always be one general node. Given that the program does take into account the size of the column, and supposing a linear behaviour within the support

Pagina 32-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza aces and column faces,
and at intersections of...

Pagina 33 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza , with flat deformation and infinite...

, with flat deformation and infinite stiffness, the deformation compatibility is considered. The size of the beams is taken into account in the same way, considering their deformation to be flat. The bars defined between the axis of column 1 and its faces are considered as being infinitely rigid. CYPE 13 14 CYPECAD In the overall analysis of frames, when lef is less than the distance between axes of columns the dimensions of the joints should be taken into account by introducing rigid elements between the centroidal axis of the column and the end section of the beam.” Generally, the reaction at the support is eccentric due to the presence of an axial force and a moment being transmitted to the support, the size of the nodes is considered when rigid elements have been introduced between the axis of the support and the end of the beam. This is reflected in the considerations detailed below. Fig. 1.3 The structural model defined by the program responds to the data introduced

Pagina 33-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza , with flat deformation and infinite stiffness, ...

Pagina 34 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza by the user, therefore special...

by the user, therefore special attention must be paid that the geometry defined for the elements is compatible with the type of chosen element and that its use is adequate in real situations. A linear reply is assumed within the support representing the reaction of the loads transmitted by the lintel and those applied at the node which have been transmitted by the rest of the structure. Particular attention is brought to those elements which are considered as being linear in the program (columns, beams, joist) when they may not be in real life, resulting in elements with two dimensional or three dimensional behaviour whereby the analysis criteria and reinforcement provided by the program will not be adjusted to the real design of these elements. Examples of where this may occur include: corbels, wall-beams and plates, situations which may occur in beams, slabs which are really beams, or columns or short shear walls not complying with the geometric limits between their transverse and

Pagina 34-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza by the user, therefore special attention must be...

Pagina 35 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza longitudinal dimensions. For these...

longitudinal dimensions. For these cases, the user must carry out the necessary manual corrections after the analysis so the results of the theoretical model are adapted to their physical reality. It is known that: 1.3.2. Force envelopes at supports The 1990 CEB-FIP Model Code, which inspired the Eurocodes, is considered. When quoting the design effective span, article 5.2.3.2. indicates the following: Fig. 1.4 The moment equations reflect, generally, a cubic parabolic curve with the format: “Usually, the span l has to be introduced as the distance between adjacent support axes. When reactions are located significantly away from the axis of support, the effective span has to be calculated taking into account the real position of the support section. The shear force is the corresponding differential equation: CYPE CYPECAD - Calculations manual By assuming the following conditions: x=0 Eurocode 2 allows for moments to be reduced at the supports; the reduction depending on t

Pagina 35-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza longitudinal dimensions. For these cases, the...

Pagina 36 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza he support reaction and width:

Q = ...

he support reaction and width: Q = Q1 = c x=0 M = M1 = d x=1 M = M2 = al3 + bl2 + cl + d x=1 Q = Q2 = 3al2 + 2bl + c If it is to be executed as a single element between supports, the design moment can be taken as that of the support face and no less than 65% of the support moment, assuming a perfect fixed connection at the faces of the rigid supports. a system of four equations with four unknown variables, which can easily be resolved, is obtained. The force diagrams are as follows: In this sense, it is worth mentioning the Argentinean codes: C.I.R.S.O.C. which are based on the German D.I.N. codes which allow for the parabolic rounding of the force diagrams depending on the size of the supports. Within the support, the depth of the beams is considered to increase in a linear manner, in accordance with a 1:3 slope, up to the axis of the support. By considering the size of the nodes, the parabolic rounding of the force diagrams and the increase of depth within the support, a m

Pagina 36-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza he support reaction and width:

Q = Q1 = c

x=0
...

Pagina 37 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza ore economic longitudinal...

ore economic longitudinal reinforcement solution is obtained for bending in beams; as the maximum steel area occurs between the face and axis of the support, the most usual case being at the face depending on the geometry that has been introduced. Bending moment diagram Shear force diagram Fig. 1.5 These assumptions were taken on by several authors (Branson, 1977) and are related with the debate on the design span and free span and the way in which it is contemplated in various codes, as well as whether the design moment is calculated taking the distance between support axes or support faces. In the case of a beam supported by a long element such as a wall or shear wall, the moment diagrams will be extended at the support as of the face of the support for a length equivalent to that of the depth of the beam, designing the reinforcement up to this length and not extending it past the point where it is not required. Even if the beam has a greater width than the support, the beam and i

Pagina 37-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza ore economic longitudinal reinforcement solution...

Pagina 38 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza ts reinforcement are interrupted...

ts reinforcement are interrupted once it has penetrated a distance of one depth into the shear wall or wall. The structure is being idealised into linear elements, with a length to be determined by the real geometry of the structure. In this sense, the size of the columns should be taken into account. It should not be forgotten that, to consider an element as being linear, the beam or column is to have a span or element length greater than a third of its mean depth and greater than four times its mean width. CYPE 15 16 CYPECAD 1.4. Analysis options at their faces, i.e. the free span is affected. The new moment values within the support are calculated using the moments redistributed at the face and taking into account the rounding of the force diagrams indicated in the previous section. An ample series of structural parameters of great importance for obtaining forces and for the design of elements can be defined. Given the vast amount of options available, it is recommended th

Pagina 38-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza ts reinforcement are interrupted once it has...

Pagina 39 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza e help explanations of the options...

e help explanations of the options be consulted. Additionally for beams and floor slabs, besides the moment redistributions, the user can define the minimum positive and negative moments specified by the code in use. The general options for beams, floor slabs, joints are located in the Beam Definition tab > Job. The reinforcement tables and specific options for each element can be found in General data > By position icon (situated to the right of Steel: Bars). The most significant of these are mentioned below. Fixity coefficient at the last floor The negative moments at the connection between the top of the last span of a column with the end of the corresponding beam can optionally be redistributed. This value varies between 0 (pinned) and 1 (fixed), even though 0.3 is recommended as an intermediate value (default value). 1.4.1. Redistributions considered by the program Negative moment redistribution coefficients The program undertakes a linear interpolation between the stiffness

Pagina 39-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza e help explanations of the options be
consulted....

Pagina 40 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza of bars fixed at either end and...

of bars fixed at either end and those with one end fixed and the other pinned, which affect the EI/L terms of the matrices of the last span of the column: A negative moment redistribution of up to 30% is accepted in beams in joists. This parameter can be optionally established by the user, however it is recommended it be set at 15% for beams and 25% for joists (default values). This redistribution is carried out after the analysis. By considering a moment redistribution, the resulting reinforcement is more expensive but is safer and easier to execute on site. However, it must be noted that an excessive redistribution produces deflections and cracking which are incompatible with the internal partitions. Where α is the value of the introduced coefficient. Fixity coefficient at the top and bottom of columns, at slab, beam and wall surfaces; pinning of beam ends A fixity coefficient can also be defined for each column span at its start and/or end (0 = pinned; 1 = fixed) (default valu

Pagina 40-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza of bars fixed at either end and those with one ...

Pagina 41 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza e). The coefficients corresponding...

e). The coefficients corresponding to the top of the column at its final span are multiplied by these. This plastic joint is physically considered at the connection point of the top or bottom of the column with the beam or flat/waffle slab reaching the node. A redistribution of 15% in beams produces generally acceptable results and can be considered as the optimum value. In slabs it is recommended a redistribution factor of 25% be used, which is equivalent to approximately equalising the positive and negative moments. The moment redistribution is carried out using the moments at support surfaces, which in the case of columns, is CYPE CYPECAD - Calculations manual column and shear wall contact edges where the connection is always taken as fixed. A rigid bar is defined between the support and the axis, and so there is always a moment present at the axis produced by the shear at the edge due to its distance to the axis. This moment becomes a torsional moment if the reinforcement is n

Pagina 41-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza e). The coefficients corresponding to the top of...

Pagina 42 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza ot continuous with that of
adjacent ...

ot continuous with that of adjacent slabs. This option should be used with special care because if the edge of a panel is pinned at the intersecting surface with its perimeter beam and the beam’s torsional stiffness is reduced, without it becoming a mechanism, ridiculous deflection results may be obtained of the panel at its edge and therefore, also of the design forces. Fig. 1.6 It may occur that absurd results, even mechanisms, be obtained at beam ends and at tops of columns when very small coefficients are used due to the presence of two hinges being connected by rigid spans. Fig. 1.8 Pinned connections can also be defined at beam ends. They are physically present at the support surface, be it a column, wall, shear wall or wall support. Fig. 1.7 A fixity coefficient can be defined when using flat slabs, joist floor slabs and waffle slabs at their supported edges. The value may oscillate between 0 and 1 (default value). These redistributions are taken into account in the ana

Pagina 42-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza ot continuous with that of
adjacent slabs. This ...

Pagina 43 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza lysis
and therefore affect the final...

lysis and therefore affect the final displacements and forces that are obtained. A fixity coefficient whose value may vary between 0 and 1 (default value) may be defined at beam edges, in a similar way as for slabs only here for one or several edges, due to it being specified using a beam. 1.4.2. Stiffnesses considered by the program To obtain the terms of the stiffness matrix, the gross section of all concrete elements are considered. When fixity coefficients are defined simultaneously at beam and slab edges, these are multiplied by one another to obtain the resulting coefficient to apply at each edge. When obtaining the terms of the stiffness matrix, the following values have been distinguished: EI/L: Bending stiffness GJ/L: Torsional stiffness EA/L: Axial stiffness The defined plastic joint is created at the edges of slabs and at the edge of beams and walls, and is not effective at CYPE 17 18 CYPECAD 1.4.4. Axial stiffness coefficient And the coefficients indicated in t

Pagina 44 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza he following table have
been...

he following table have been applied: Element (Ely) (Elz) (GJ) Columns G.S. G.S. G.S. · x Sloped beams G.S. G.S. G.S. · x Steel or concrete beams G.S. Joists G.S. ∞ ∞ G.S. · 10-15 ∞ G.S. · 102 Shear walls and walls Flat and waffle slabs Limit beam Wall support (external fixity beam) Hollow core plates and composite slabs The shortening of reinforced concrete columns, walls and shear walls due to axial forces is taken into account by the program. This is affected by an axial stiffness variable between 1 and 99.99 which enables to simulate the construction process of the structure and its influence on the final forces and displacements. The recommended value lies between 2 and 3, where 2 is provided as the default value. (EA) G.S. · axial stiffness coeff. G.S. ∞ G.S. · x ∞ G.S. · x G.S. · x ∞ G.S. · x ∞ G.S. G.S. F.E. G.S. ∞ G.S. · x G.S. ∞ G.S. · x 1.4.5. Minimum moments ∞ A minimum moment represented as a fr

Pagina 44-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza he following table have
been applied:
Element
...

Pagina 45 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza action of that of a
simply supported...

action of that of a simply supported element (wl 2 /8) may be covered by beams. This minimum moment can be defined for both negative and positive moments with a wl2/x format, where x is a whole number greater than 8. The default value is 0, i.e. they are not applied. G.S. · axial stiffness coeff. ∞ It is recommended that reinforcement capable of resisting a negative moment of wl2/32 and a positive moment of wl2/20 be placed. This minimum moment requirement can be applied to the whole structure or only part of it, and may also be different for each beam. Each code usually indicates the minimum values to apply. ∞ G.S.: Concrete gross section ∞: not considered due to the relative non-deformable shape of the floor x: Torsional stiffness reduction coefficient F.E.: Flat finite element Similarly, minimum moments can be defined for joist floor slabs and hollow core plates. They can be defined for the entire job or for individual panels and/or different values. A value of ½ of t

Pagina 45-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza action of that of a
simply supported element (wl...

Pagina 46 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza he static moment (=wl2/16 for a...

he static moment (=wl2/16 for a uniform load) is reasonable for positive and negative moments. It is recommended the user consult the Options. 1.4.3. Torsional stiffness coefficients An option exists whereby a torsional stiffness reduction coefficient can be defined (x). This option is not applicable to steel sections. When the dimension of the element is less than or equal to the value defined for short bars, the value defined within the options will be taken. The gross section (G.S.) will be considered for torsion GJ, and for when it is required to achieve equilibrium of the structure. The bending moment envelopes will be displaced so that these minimum moments are met, followed by the negative moment redistribution that is to be applied. The equivalent value of the applied line load is: Consult Job > General options > Torsional stiffness reduction coefficients for default values. CYPE CYPECAD - Calculations manual If a minimum moment (+) has been considered, it must be verif

Pagina 46-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza he static moment (=wl2/16 for a uniform
load) is...

Pagina 47 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza ied that

intermediate overlaps at...

ied that intermediate overlaps at floor level eliminated until the indicated length is reached without exceeding it. The process is applied starting at the top pf the column and working its way down, as long as the reinforcement is identical. The overlap at each floor level, in the case of disconnected columns, can be ignored and hence provide reinforcement without overlaps until the next floor or overlapping at all floors, even though no beams reach the columns at that floor, as long as the reinforcement is identical. If the applied minimum moment is less than the design moment, the greatest of the two is taken. • Cutting of starter bars at the last span (top of column). This option cuts the starter bars at the top of the column’s last span. Only drawings and reinforcement take-off values are affected by this option. The process is not analysed and so care must be taken. It is recommended the fixity coefficient at the last floor be reduced to its minimum value as well as activ

Pagina 47-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza ied that

intermediate overlaps at floor level...

Pagina 48 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza ating the reduction
of anchorage...

ating the reduction of anchorage lengths at the last floor. It may arise, however, that even by applying these options, if the bars have large diameters, they may have to be bent at their ends. This is cancelled by this option. Fig. 1.9 Note that these considerations work correctly with line loads and approximately with point loads. 1.4.6. Other options • Reduction of anchorage lengths in columns. The reduction of anchorage lengths at start level at intermediate floors (default option = deactivated) and at the last floor (default option = activated) can be activated or deactivated, reducing, in accordance with the ratio of the real stress in the reinforcement to the maximum stress. In this case those columns containing reinforcement of the same diameter will result in having starter bars of a different length as a result of the analysis and therefore cannot be matched. If this is to be so, deactivate the option, even though slightly greater starter bars will be obtained at the la

Pagina 48-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza ating the reduction
of anchorage lengths at the ...

Pagina 49 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza st span.

Below are options that...

st span. Below are options that have not yet been mentioned which influence the analysis. Columns • Vertical reinforcement layout (maximum lengths, connection of short spans, intermediate overlaps). The maximum length of a bar (default value of 8m), makes it compulsory for reinforcement overlaps to used if a span exceeds this value. The maximum connection length for short spans (default value of 4m) is activated when the elevation difference between floors is small. The spans are joined and • Reinforcement symmetry criteria. The reinforcement layout can be defined in the reinforcement tables. They may be the same or different for sides X and Y of the CYPE 19 20 CYPECAD • Transitions due to dimension variation. When the change in section of a column from one floor to the next is large, the vertical reinforcement must be bent. The angle at which the reinforcement is bent is limited. If these geometric conditions are exceeded, the reinforcement must be cut and anchored in

Pagina 49-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza st span.

Below are options that have not yet...

Pagina 50 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza the bottom span
and new starter bars...

the bottom span and new starter bars placed corresponding to the reinforcement of the span above. The bending angle depends on the depth of the slab or beam the column reaches. column section. During the analysis, the program runs through the reinforcement table and selects the first reinforcement distribution which complies for all the design force combinations as well as consisting of a symmetrical layout in its four sides. If the total reinforcement area is compared for both cases and the percentage difference obtained, the layout complying with that marked in the % difference box of the option (default value of 0%, i.e. not symmetrical) shall be selected. If the column section reinforcement is to be symmetrical, introduce a high value, e.g. 300. • Rounding of bar lengths. Bars are commonly cut so their lengths are a multiple of a value (default value 5cm) so to ease work on site and fabrication. • Bar continuity criteria. Columns are analysed by span starting at the top and

Pagina 50-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza the bottom span
and new starter bars placed...

Pagina 51 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza moving downwards whereby, in usual...

moving downwards whereby, in usual circumstances, their reinforcement increases in diameter as the column descends. However this does not always occur due to the results provided by the program being those obtained from analysing the forces acting on the column and its dimensions. Using this option, one can force the program to maintain the reinforcement; the bar diameter at the corners and faces, as well as the number of bars and apply it from the last or penultimate floor to the first span. This provides results with less discontinuity in the reinforcement. • Hatching of columns and shear walls. These are symbols which graphically represent if a column starts, continues to another floor or ends. The user may choose which to apply. • Reinforcement splices at central span zones. For seismic zones, the reinforcement overlaps are moved to the central part of the span, far from the areas submitted to the maximum forces. The default setting of this option is set as deactivated, howeve

Pagina 51-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza moving downwards whereby, in usual circumstances...

Pagina 52 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza r it is recommended it be activated ...

r it is recommended it be activated where high seismic activity is present. The program applies continuity criteria applicable to corner bar diameters as of the penultimate floor. • Overlaps in walls and shear walls. Verifies that the overlap is in compression or in tension, applying an amplification coefficient to the splice length which depends on the bar separation. • Geometric cover. Distance between the external surface to the first reinforcement element; the stirrups (the default value depends on the selected code). • Required compliance factor for walls and shear walls. The reinforcement of a wall or shear wall span may contain peak stresses which penalise the reinforcement if the user intends for the wall to pass with a 100% compliance factor. Using this option, a smaller % compliance can be checked or alternatively, the reinforcement may be modified and check its compliance factor. During the analysis, the reinforcement is designed in such a way that a compliance fac

Pagina 52-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza r it is recommended it be activated where high...

Pagina 53 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza tor is at least

• Steel column...

tor is at least • Steel column layout. The user can opt to reduce the size of the introduced section, if possible, or maintain and check it. It is important to bear in mind that the force analysis is undertaken using the section that has been introduced. If this is modified and the change in dimensions is large, it is recommended the structure be reanalysed to take into account this change. During the analysis, the program locates the most economic section. CYPE CYPECAD - Calculations manual • Concrete cover in beams (top, bottom and lateral) the default value of 90%. It is convenient that this value be checked and if less than 100% see at which points the reinforcement fails and if local reinforcement is necessary. • Concrete cover in foundation beams (top, bottom and lateral) • Properties of precast beams* • Stirrup layout. It is convenient stirrups be placed at intersections with slabs or beams (the default setting of this option is set as activated), also at the to

Pagina 53-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza tor is at least

• Steel column layout. The...

Pagina 54 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza p and bottom of columns at an...

p and bottom of columns at an established height and with a smaller separation than in the rest of the column (default setting = deactivated). It is recommended it be activated for structures in seismic zones. • Prestressed beam library • Error evaluation • Frame ordering criteria • Beam numbering criteria • Assembly reinforcement • Joining of assembly reinforcement in overhangs • Column start options • Shear envelopes (continuous or discontinuous)* • Minimum ratios • Shear reinforcement (provision of skin reinforcement, section for shear check)* • Corbel options • Stirrup selection* • Cracking* Beams • Minimum foundation beam ratios • Beam reinforcement within walls and crown beams Below are options relative to beams. • Symmetrical top reinforcement in single span beams Flat slabs, composite slabs and waffle slabs • Percentage difference for symmetrical top reinforcement • Flat slab and waffle slab reinforcement • Hook layout cr

Pagina 54-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza p and bottom of columns at an established height...

Pagina 55 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza iteria

• Minimum steel areas

•...

iteria • Minimum steel areas • Hooks at ends of alignment • Mechanical steel area reduction • Minimum stirrup length • Torsion reinforcement • Symmetry in stirrup reinforcement • Minimum reinforcement bar lengths • Stirrups of different diameters in a beam • Flat slab cover • Anchorage length in stirrup closure • Waffle slab cover • Bend hooks in U • Multiple stirrup layout • Detail base reinforcement in drawings (default option = deactivated). It is not drawn or measured if deactivated. • Prestressed beam stirrups • Hooks in flat slabs • Prefabricated beam reinforcement • Rounding of bar lengths • Beam detailing for seismic design • Order and numbering criteria in flat slabs CYPE 21 22 CYPECAD • Active deflection and total long term deflection – Constructive process • Rectangular flat slab reinforcement • Cover in foundations • Shear in in-situ joist floor slabs • Cover in joist floor slabs, hollow core sl

Pagina 55-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza iteria

• Minimum steel areas

• Hooks at...

Pagina 56 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza abs and composite slabs

•...

abs and composite slabs • Buckling coefficients for sloped beams • Buckling coefficients for diagonal braces Stairs • Match reinforcements Footings and pile caps • Reinforcement layout • General and specific options • Starter bars at start and dowel bars at end • Geometric cover • Anchorage length in slab Strap and tie beams • Depth of foundation • General and specific options Beam and slab general options • General drawing options* Drawing • Maximum bar cut off length* • Layer, text size and pen thickness configuration for drawings* • Minimum steel areas for top reinforcement in joist floor slabs • Minimum steel areas for top reinforcement in hollow core plates There are options which are saved and conserved with the job. Others (*) are general options and may therefore vary from job to job. • Reinforcement in usual slabs • Reinforcement in hollow core plate slabs To recover the default options, an ‘empty’ installation must b

Pagina 56-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza abs and composite slabs

• Buckling...

Pagina 57 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza e completed, without the existence...

e completed, without the existence of the USR directory. This way all the default options and tables will be installed. Some options contain a button offering to install the default settings which allows for them to be recovered directly without having to execute the ‘empty’ installation. • Minimum moments to cover with reinforcement in slabs and beams • Girder (beam) reinforcement • Torsional stiffness reduction coefficient in joist floor slabs • Consideration of torsional reinforcement in beams • Options for steel beams and joists • Deflection limits in beams, joists, hollow core plates and composite slabs CYPE CYPECAD - Calculations manual 1.5. Loads to consider Additional loadcases (special loads) 1.5.1. Vertical loads As indicated, CYPECAD generates automatic loadcases, such as Permanent loads (composed of the self weight of the construction elements and the dead loads introduced on each group on all floors), the Live load (defined for each group for all

Pagina 57-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza e completed, without the existence of the USR...

Pagina 58 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza the surface of the floor), the Wind ...

the surface of the floor), the Wind load (generated automatically for each X, Y direction depending on the selected code and the defined structure dimensions), and the Seismic load which depends on the selected code. Permanent loads Self weight of reinforced concrete elements, calculated using its volume based on its gross section and multiplied by 2.5 (specific weight of concrete) for columns, shear walls, walls, beams and slabs. The self weight of a slab is defined by the user upon choosing the type of slab, which can be different for each floor or panel, depending on the selected type. For flat slabs, it will be calculated by multiplying its depth by 2.5, the same is applicable to drop panels of waffle slabs. For lightweight zones of waffle slabs and joists floor slabs, the value indicated by the user in the data sheet of the selected slab will be taken. In the case of joist floor slabs, the value of the weight per square metre is multiplied by the rib spacing resulting in a line

Pagina 58-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza the surface of the floor), the Wind load...

Pagina 59 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza load applied to each joist. In flat...

load applied to each joist. In flat and waffle slabs, the product of the weight by the tributary area of each node is applied to each node. Additional loadcases may be added to those generated automatically, which in previous version were referred to as Special loads, and may be established as Dead loads or Live loads regardless of whether they are point, line or surface loads. So, additional loadcases of a different nature may be created (dead load, live load, wind, earthquake and snow) and combine them with those that have been previously created automatically and amongst themselves (this is not compatible with wind and seismic loads). Additional loadcases associated to Lateral soil pressures and Accidental loads can also be defined. Dead loads These are estimated as being uniformly distributed on the floor. These are elements such as flooring and partitions (even though this last element could be considered as being a variable load if its position or presence varies with time).

Pagina 59-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza load applied to each joist. In flat and
waffle ...

Pagina 60 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza

Different load distributions can...

Different load distributions can be created for each loadcase, creating groups which can be combined establishing whether they can act simultaneously by assigning them as compatible, incompatible or simultaneous. The self weight of the structural elements plus the dead loads make up the Permanent loads. These are automatically applied to the bars of the structure. When additional loadcases are created, the user can define whether or not they are compatible with each other. Once all the loadcases have been defined, along with the load distribution, simultaneity and combination modes (in accordance with the selected codes, materials used and use category of the building), the combinations for all the Variable loads (live load) The applied live load is considered as being uniformly distributed on the floor. It is applied automatically to the bars of the structure making up the floors of each floor. CYPE 23 24 CYPECAD 1.5.2. Horizontal loads Limit States are generated automati

Pagina 60-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza

Different load distributions can be created...

Pagina 61 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza cally, from material failure,...

cally, from material failure, bearing pressures to node displacements. A fire check can also be carried out. Wind loads The program automatically generates the horizontal loads to be applied at each floor, in accordance with the selected code, in two orthogonal directions X, Y, or in a single direction, and for the two cases (+X, -X, +Y, -Y). A load coefficient can be defined for each wind direction and case. If a building is isolated the pressure will act on the windward face of the building and the suction on the leeward side. It is usually estimated that the pressure is 2/3 = 0.66 and the suction 1/3 = 0.33 of the total pressure. Therefore for an isolated building, the load coefficient is 1 (2/3 + 1/3 = 1) for each direction. If the building is protected on its left side because of an adjacent building in the X direction, the wind coefficients may be modified to reflect the situation. In this case +X = 0.33 as there is only suction in the leeward direction and –X = 0.66 as there

Pagina 61-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza cally, from material failure, bearing pressures ...

Pagina 62 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza is only pressure in the windward...

is only pressure in the windward direction: All this is configured in the Loads section of the General Data dialogue box. The same can be applied to the Integrated 3D structures. Vertical loads on columns Loads (N, Mx, My, Qx, Qy, T) can be defined acting at the top of any column. These are in reference to the general axes and can be defined for any loadcase, additional to those obtained from the analysis. The diagram below indicates the positive direction of the loads: Fig. 1.10 Columns or starts with the applied loads can be introduced on mat foundations or foundation beams so to simplify an analysis. Fig. 1.11 Horizontal loads on columns The tributary width is defined as the façade length perpendicular to the direction of the wind. A different value can be introduced for each floor. When the wind acts in the X direction, the y length of the building is to be provided and when it acts in the Y direction, the x length of the building is to be provided. Point loads and uniform

Pagina 62-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza is only pressure in the windward direction:
...

Pagina 63 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza loads along the whole height of
the...

loads along the whole height of the column can be applied. They can be applied in reference to the local axes of the column or to the general axes of the structure. When there are independent areas on the same floor, the load is distributed proportionally to the width of each zone with respect to the total width B defined for that floor. CYPE CYPECAD - Calculations manual B is the tributary width defined when the wind acts in the Y direction. b 1 and b 2 are calculated geometrically by CYPECAD in accordance with the coordinates of the edge columns of each zone. Therefore the tributary widths applied to each zone will be: As a generic method for obtaining the wind loads in an automatic manner, select the Generic code option. Having defined the directions in which the wind acts, the load coefficients and tributary widths per floor, the pressure curve must be selected. A library of pressure curves exists which allows for existing pressure curves to be selected and create new ones.

Pagina 63-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza loads along the whole height of
the column can ...

Pagina 64 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza These curves display the total...

These curves display the total pressure as a function of the building’s height. These values are interpolated for intermediate heights, which is necessary to calculate the pressure at the height of each floor of the building. The Shape factor is a coefficient which is applied to the building to correct the wind load depending on the shape of the building. This may be due to the shape of its floors being rectangular, circular, etc. and because of its slenderness. Fig. 1.12 Once the tributary width of one floor is known, and the heights to the floor above and the floor below, if the half sum of these two heights is multiplied by the tributary width, the surface exposed to wind on that floor is obtained. If this is then multiplied by the total pressure calculated at that height and by the load coefficient, the wind load for that floor and in that direction will be obtained. A Gust factor can also be defined. This is a coefficient which amplifies the wind load so to take into account

Pagina 64-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza These curves display the total pressure as
a...

Pagina 65 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza the
geographical position of the...

the geographical position of the building in exposed locations such as valleys, hill-sides etc. These situations produce greater wind speeds and so should be taken into account. The total wind load applied to each floor is obtained by multiplying the pressure at its height by the exposed surface, shape and gust factors. The application point of the load at each floor is at the geometric centre of the floor, determined by the perimeter of the floor. The value of the wind load applied at each floor can be consulted and displayed in a report. If there are guardrails (or a solid perimeter wall) on the roof, it can be taken into account by proportionally modifying the band width b and using b’. For each defined code, the pressure is calculated automatically, once the initial data has been introduced which can be consulted within the code to be used. In the case of Integrated 3D structures, wind loads are not generated automatically. They must be introduced manually on the nodes and ba

Pagina 65-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza the
geographical position of the building in...

Pagina 66 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza rs. If additional loadcases are...

rs. If additional loadcases are defined, a combination can be created with the automatic loads. Fig. 1.13 CYPE 25 26 CYPECAD It is important the loadcase combinations be checked as well as their compatibilities when a Metal 3D job is imported as an integrated structure, especially, if the wind loads of the job had already been generated previously using the Portal Frame Generator. Cxi, Cyi: Seismic coefficient for each direction at floor i, also known as “Seismic action in X or Y” in the data entry part of the dialogue box. The seismic mass of each floor is multiplied by this coefficient to obtain the static force applied at each floor. Seismic loads The displacements of the floor with respect to the general axis are: Two types of general analysis methods can be used for seismic loads: static analysis and dynamic analysis. It is possible to apply both general methods or the specific methods indicated in the code or the application regulations depending on the location of

Pagina 66-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza rs. If additional loadcases are defined, a...

Pagina 67 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza the building.

and the applied...

the building. and the applied forces: Static analysis. Seismic loads using coefficients. Seismic loads can be introduced as a system of static forces equivalent to the dynamic loads, generating horizontal loads in two orthogonal directions X and Y, applied at each floor level, at their centre of gravity. As a general method, the seismic loads can be applied by floor coefficients. The second order effects may be considered if the user wishes for them to be so. Within the integrated 3D structures, if the static earthquake loadcase is activated as loads on nodes and bars, it cannot be combined with seismic loads by coefficients or with dynamic seismic loading. Similarly, if a static analysis using floor coefficients is to be carried out in CYPECAD, it cannot be carried out for the integrated 3D structures, hence, the structure cannot be analysed. It may be analysed if a joint dynamic analysis is undertaken. An additional static seismic force loadcase could be activated, but the auto

Pagina 67-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza the building.

and the applied forces:

Static ...

Pagina 68 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza matic loadcases would have to be...

matic loadcases would have to be deactivated. Fig. 1.14 The static forces to apply in each direction, per floor, are: Sx = (Gi + A · Qi) · Cxi Sy = (Gi + A · Qi) · Cyi Where: Gi: The permanent loads of floor i Qi: The variable loads of floor i A: Live load, snow load or quasi-permanent load simultaneity coefficient Dynamic analysis. Modal spectral analysis. The dynamic analysis method which is generally considered by the program is the modal spectral analysis, for which the following parameters must be indicated: CYPE CYPECAD - Calculations manual dom, with which the modal decomposition shall be undertaken. The program carries out a static and dynamic condensation, whereby the dynamic condensation is attained by means of the simplified classic method, and only by means of the dynamic degrees of freedom will the forces of inertia appear. • Design acceleration with respect to g (acceleration due to gravity) = ac • Ductility of the structure = µ • Number of modes to a

Pagina 68-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza matic loadcases would have to be
deactivated.
...

Pagina 69 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza nalyse

• Live load...

nalyse • Live load quasi-permanent coefficient = A • Design acceleration spectrum The dynamic degrees of freedom that are worked with consist of three per floor of the building: two displacements in the horizontal plane and the corresponding rotation of the plane. This simplified model corresponds to that recommended by the vast majority of earthquake codes. Hence when defining the number of modes, the user is recommended to define three for each floor of the building. These are to be completed and the corresponding spectrum selected from the default library provided with the program or using another created by the user. Each spectrum is defined by coordinates (X: period T; Y: spectral ordinate α (T)) therefore allowing to view the generated graph. For the definition of the normalised elastic response spectrum, the user must know the factors that influence it (type of earthquake, type soil, damping, etc.). These factors must be included in the spectral ordinate, also known as t

Pagina 69-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza nalyse

• Live load quasi-permanent...

Pagina 70 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza he amplification factor and referred...

he amplification factor and referred to the period, T. At this point in the analysis the stiffness and mass matrices, both reduced and with the same number or rows/columns, have been obtained. Each of them represent one of the previously described dynamic degrees of freedom. The next step consists of the modal decomposition which the program resolves by means of an iterative method and whose results are the autovalues and autovectors corresponding to the diagonalising of the stiffness matrix with the mass matrix. When any type of dynamic earthquake loadcase is specified for a building, the program carries out, as well as the normal static design for gravitational loads and wind, a modal spectral analysis of the structure. The design spectrums depend on the earthquake code and the parameters of the code that have been chosen. In the case of the modal spectral analysis, the user directly indicated the design spectrum. The system equations to be resolved are as follows: K: Stiffness ma

Pagina 70-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza he amplification factor and referred to the...

Pagina 71 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza trix
M: Mass matrix

To carry out...

trix M: Mass matrix To carry out the dynamic analysis, the program creates the mass and stiffness matrices for each element of the structure. The mass matrix is created based on the self weight loadcase and the corresponding live loads multiplied by the quasi-permanent coefficient. CYPECAD works with concentrated mass matrices, resulting to be diagonal. ω2: Autovalues of the system ω: Natural frequencies of the dynamic system The following step consists in condensing (simultaneous with the element assembly) of the complete stiffness and mass matrices of the structure, to obtain other reduced matrices which only contain the dynamic degrees of free- φ: Autovectors of the system or condensed vibration modes From the first equation, a maximum number of solutions can be obtained (values of ω) equal to the assumed numCYPE 27 28 CYPECAD ber of dynamic degrees of freedom. For each of these solutions (autovalues), the corresponding autovector (vibration mode) is obtained. Nonethel

Pagina 71-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza trix
M: Mass matrix

To carry out the dynamic...

Pagina 72 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza ess, it is rare that the maximum...

ess, it is rare that the maximum number of solutions of the system be required and only the most representative of the number indicated by the user as vibration modes intervene in the analysis. Upon indicating this number, the program selects the most representative solutions of the system, which are those displaced by the mass and correspond to the natural frequencies of the greater vibrations. These values are calculated in the following way: aij = φij · τi · aci i: Each vibration mode j: Each dynamic degree of freedom aci: Design acceleration for vibration mode i The maximum displacements of the structure, for each i vibration mode and j degree of freedom in accordance with the equivalent linear model, are obtained as follows: The condensed vibration modes that are obtained (also called shape coefficient vectors) are the result of a homogenous (the vector of independent terms is null) and undetermined (ω2 has been calculated so the determinant of the coefficient matrix be n

Pagina 72-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza ess, it is rare that the maximum number of...

Pagina 73 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza ull).

Therefore, for each dynamic...

ull). Therefore, for each dynamic degree of freedom, a maximum displacement value is obtained for each vibration mode. This is equivalent to an imposed displacement problem, which is resolved for the remaining degrees of freedom (not dynamic), by means of modal expansion or ‘backward’ substitution of the previously condensed degrees of freedom. Therefore, this vector represents a direction or deformation mode, and not specific values of the solutions. Based on the vibration modes, the program obtains the participation coefficient for each direction (τi) in the following way: Finally, a displacement and force distribution over the whole structure is obtained for each vibration mode and for each dynamic loadcase, with which the modal spectral analysis is concluded. The program uses de CQC method (complete quadratic combination) to attain the maximum values of a force, displacement etc, whereby a modal coefficient dependent on the ratio between the vibration periods to combine is

Pagina 73-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza ull).

Therefore, for each dynamic degree of...

Pagina 74 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza calculated. The formula of the...

calculated. The formula of the method is as follows: Where [J] is a vector which indicates the direction of the earthquake load. For example, for an earthquake load acting in the X direction: [J] = [100100100…100] Once the natural vibration frequencies have been found, these are introduced in the selected design spectrum, along with the ductility, damping, etc parameters, and the design acceleration for each vibration mode and dynamic degree of freedom is obtained. CYPE CYPECAD - Calculations manual where: ω: Angular frequency = 2π/T µ : Ductility Effects of torsion ζ : Buckling coefficient, uniform for all vibration modes and with a value of 0.05 x: Resultant force or displacement xi, xj: Forces or displacements corresponding to the modes to combine When a dynamic analysis is undertaken, the total moment and shear force is obtained due to the earthquake loads on the building. By dividing them, the eccentricity with respect to the centre of gravity is obtained. Dependi

Pagina 74-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza calculated. The formula of the method is as...

Pagina 75 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza ng on the selected earthquake code...

ng on the selected earthquake code of each country, it is compared with the minimum eccentricity specified in each code and if less, the rotational mode is amplified, in such a way that at least the minimum eccentricity is obtained. For those cases in which the evaluation of the concomitant forces is required, CYPECAD undertakes a linear superposition of the various vibration modes in such a way that for a given dynamic loadcase, n groups of forces are really obtained, where n is the number of concomitant forces that are required. For example, during the design of concrete columns, three forces are being dealt with simultaneously: axial force, bending in the xy plane and bending in the xz plane. In this case, upon requesting the combination with a dynamic loadcase, the program will provide three different combination versions: one for maximum axial force, another for maximum bending in the xy plane and the other for maximum bending in the xz plane. Additionally, the created combinatio

Pagina 75-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza ng on the selected earthquake code of each...

Pagina 76 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza ns are multiplied by ±1, as the...

ns are multiplied by ±1, as the earthquake loads can act in either of the two directions. If the earthquake loads on the structure are analysed in a generic manner (Modal spectral analysis), the minimum eccentricity the program takes into account is 0.05. This is important especially in the case of symmetrical structures. Base shear When the base shear due to dynamic seismic loading is less than 80% of the static base shear, the proportion will be increased so not to be smaller than it. The second order effects can be considered, if the user wishes for them to be so, by activating the option, as the program does not consider them automatically. ∆ Consideration of 2nd order effects (P∆) Upon carrying out the analysis, the user may consult, for each mode, the period, the participation coefficient in each design direction X, Y and what is referred to as the seismic coefficient, which is the displacement spectrum obtained as Sd: The user may optionally choose to consider, when

Pagina 76-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza ns are multiplied by ±1, as the earthquake...

Pagina 77 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza defining
wind or seismic loadcases, ...

defining wind or seismic loadcases, to amplify the forces due to the presence of these horizontal loads. It is recommended this option be activated in the analysis. The method is based on the P-delta effect of the displacements produced by the horizontal loads, taking into account, in a simple manner, the second order effects based on a first order analysis and a linear behaviour of the mate- α (T) : Spectral ordinate CYPE 29 30 CYPECAD rials with mechanical properties bases on the gross sections of the materials and secant elastic modulus. The following coefficient: A horizontal load Hi acts at each floor i. The structure deforms and displacements, ∆ij, occur at each column level. At each column j, and at floor level, a load with value Pij acts for each gravitational loadcase, transmitted by the slab to column j at floor i. represents the stability index for each gravitational loadcase and for each direction of the horizontal force. If it is calculated, an amplification

Pagina 77-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza defining
wind or seismic loadcases, to amplify...

Pagina 78 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza coefficient to be applied to applied...

coefficient to be applied to applied loadcase safety factor can be obtained for all the combinations in which horizontal forces act. This value is referred to as γz and is calculated using the following formula: An overturning moment MH due to the horizontal forces is defined, acting at elevation zi with respect to elevation 0.00 or elevation without horizontal displacements, for each direction of action: i: Number of floors j: Number of columns where: γfgi: Safety coefficient for permanent loads of loadcase i γfqi: Safety coefficient for variable loads of loadcase j γz: Global stability coefficient It must be recalled when calculating the displacements due to each horizontal load loadcase, that an first order analysis was carried out using the gross sections of the elements. If forces for ultimate limit state design are being calculated, it is logical that if a thorough calculation of the displacements is to be obtained, it be done using the fissured and homogenised sections

Pagina 78-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza coefficient to be applied to applied loadcase...

Pagina 79 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza of the elements which may result to...

of the elements which may result to be very laborious, as that implies linear simplification of the materials, geometry and load states. This causes it to be an unpractical solution using the analysis methods available. Therefore a simplified method must be established consisting of supposing a reduction in the stiffness of the sections, which implies an increase in the displacements, as they are inversely proportional. The program requires the increase or ‘multiplication factor of the displacements’ to take this stiffness reduction into account. Fig. 1.15 Wind action In the same way a moment due to P-delta effects, MP∆ is defined, due to the loads transmitted by the slabs to the columns Pij for each of the defined gravitational loadcases (k), because of the displacements due to the horizontal load ∆i. where: k: For each gravitational loadcase (self weight, live load…) CYPE CYPECAD - Calculations manual tio can be established for the global stability if the floor are

Pagina 79-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza of the elements which may result to
be very...

Pagina 80 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza
very similar:

At this point there ...

very similar: At this point there is no single criteria, therefore it is for the user to decide which value to introduce depending on the type of structure, estimated fissure grade, other stiffening elements, nuclei, stairs etc, which in reality may reduce the calculated displacements. γz: Global stability coefficient = 1 / (1-Q) Regarding the limits establishing whether the floor corresponds to a non-sway fame system, or what in this case would be the limit as to whether it is to be considered or not, it may be taken as Q = 0.05, i.e. 1 / 0.95 = 1.05. In Brazil, it is common to consider a reduction coefficient of the longitudinal elasticity modulus of 0.09 and assume a reduction coefficient of the fissured inertia with respect to the gross inertia of 0.70. Therefore, the stiffness is reduced by these factors: For this case, it is to be calculated and always taken into account if the value is exceeded, which results in always having to consider the calculation and amplify the fo

Pagina 80-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza
very similar:

At this point there is no single...

Pagina 81 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza rces
using this method.

Reduced...

rces using this method. Reduced stiffness = 0.90 · 0.70 · Gross stiffness = =0.63 · Gross stiffness Regarding the displacement multiplication coefficient, it is indicated that given that the horizontal loads are temporary and act during a short period, a reduction of approximately 70% of the inertia can be considered, and as the elasticity modulus is smaller (15100 / 19000 = 0.8), in other words, a displacement amplification coefficient of 1 / (0.7 · 0.8) = 1.78, which according to the global stability coefficient, does not exceed 1.35 would be a reasonable value. Due to displacements being the inverse of the stiffness, the multiplying factor of the displacements will be 1 / 0.63= 1.59. This value will be introduced into the program. As a general rule, if γz > 1.20, the structure’s stiffness should be increased in that direction, as the structure can deform easily and has little stability in that direction. If γz < 1.1, its effect is small and practically negligible. In the

Pagina 81-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza rces
using this method.

Reduced stiffness = 0...

Pagina 82 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza new NB-1/2000 code, in a simplified...

new NB-1/2000 code, in a simplified manner, it is recommended the displacements be amplified by 1/0.7 = 1.43 and limit the value of γz to 1.3. It may be appreciated that the model code criteria would be recommendable and easy to remember for all its application cases: In the 1990 CEB-FIP model code, a moment amplification method is applied which recommends, unless a more precise analysis is undertaken, the stiffnesses be reduced to 50% or similarly, apply a displacement amplification coefficient equal to 1 / 0.50 =2.00. For this assumption, it may be considered that if γz > 1.50, the structure’s stiffness in that direction must be increased, as the structure can deform easily and has little stability in that direction. 2nd order effects do not have to be considered if γz < 1.1, however it is recommended they always be activated. Displacement multiplication coefficient = 2 Limit for global stability coefficient = 1.5 It is true, on the other hand, that stiffening elements are

Pagina 82-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza new NB-1/2000 code, in a simplified manner, it ...

Pagina 83 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza always present in buildings:...

always present in buildings: façades, stairs, load bearing walls, etc., which assure that a smaller displacement be present against horizontal loads than those calculated. Because of this, the program leaves the value of the displacement multiplication coefficient at 1.00. It is left to the user’s criteria as to what the value should be modified to, given that not all the elements can be discretised in the structure. The ACI-318-95 code refers to a stability index Q per floor, not for the global stability of the building, even though a ra- CYPE 31 32 CYPECAD Once the analysis has concluded, the calculated values for each of the combinations can be checked at the following option: General data > Wind and Earthquake options > Second order effects button > Amplification factors button. Here, the maximum value of the global stability coefficient can be seen in each direction. A report can also be printed within the Job reports section. al second order eccentricity of the isolate

Pagina 83-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza always present in buildings: façades, stairs,...

Pagina 84 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza d bar will always
be calculated...

d bar will always be calculated together with the P-delta amplification effect of the considered method. This way, reasonable results are obtained within the slenderness field established by each code. It is left to the user’s choice, given that it is an alternative method. In this case, the user can opt for the rigorous application of the corresponding code. The case may arise where the structure is unstable, in which case an error message is emitted before the analysis has concluded warning a global instability phenomenon is present. This will occur when the value of γz tends to infinity or, which is the same in the formula, becomes negative or zero because: 1.6. Materials used All the materials are selected from lists within the program. The material’s properties are defined within a file. The data to be specified for each case is: 1.6.1. Concrete for foundations, slabs, columns and walls It may be studied for wind and/or earthquake loads and is always recommended it be c

Pagina 84-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza d bar will always
be calculated together with...

Pagina 85 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza alculated, as an alternative...

alculated, as an alternative calculation method to second order effects, especially for sway-frame structures or presenting some sway, as occurs in most buildings. A file exists containing a list of concrete types defined by their design resistance, reduction coefficient, secant elastic modulus and Poisson coefficient ν = 0.2 defined in the code. Recall that all of the live load loadcase is considered and given that the program does not carry out any automatic live load reduction, it may be convenient to repeat the analysis previously reducing the live load, which would only provide valid results for the columns. The concrete used can be different for each element. Additionally, in the case of columns, can be different for each floor. These values correspond to those most frequently admitted in the code. Regarding the ACI 318 code, once the stability of the building has been studied, the reduction of the column stiffness for their design is carried out by applying a formula indica

Pagina 85-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza alculated, as an alternative
calculation method ...

Pagina 86 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza ted in the code appendix of the...

ted in the code appendix of the program. 1.6.2. Bar steel A file exists which contains a list of the steel types defined by their elastic limit, reduction coefficient and elasticity modulus defined in accordance with the code. In that case and given the difficulty of calculating the buckling coefficients by determining the bar stiffnesses at each column end, it is sufficiently safe to assume buckling coefficients with a value = 1, with which the fictitious or addition- It is always considered due to its position and type of element. CYPE CYPECAD - Calculations manual type of steel is defined for the plates and stiffeners, as well as the type of steel to use for the anchorage bolts. The available steel types and diameters are predefined within the program and may not be modified. The steel may be different depending on whether it be for: Columns, walls, shear walls and corbels • Bars (vertical and horizontal) The materials to be used in Integrated 3D structures are to be de

Pagina 86-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza ted in the code appendix of the program.

1.6.2....

Pagina 87 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza fined per bar be it timber or steel....

fined per bar be it timber or steel. • Stirrups Floor beams and foundation beams 1.6.4. Integrated 3D structures materials • Bottom reinforcement The materials to be used in Integrated 3D structures (steel, timber, aluminium, concrete or generic) are to be defined in Job > General data. • Top reinforcement • Assembly reinforcement • Skin reinforcement • Stirrups 1.7. Weighting factors Floor slabs and mat foundations The weighting factors are established in accordance with the properties of the materials to use, the loads acting on the structure and the analysis method to be used used which specified in the selected design code. • Punching shear • Mat foundation top reinforcement • Mat foundation bottom reinforcement • Waffle and joist floor slab top reinforcement • Waffle slab bottom reinforcement 1.7.1. Analysis method To calculate the weighting factors the Limit states method is used or the corresponding method to apply for each selected code. F

Pagina 88 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza ootings and Pile caps

1.6.3. Steel ...

ootings and Pile caps 1.6.3. Steel for steel columns, beams and baseplates 1.7.2. Materials CYPECAD allows for steel beams and columns to be used, in which case the type of steel to be used must be indicated. A library containing steel types which can be selected by the user is available. This library is saved as a file and cannot be modified by the user. The file contains information such as the elastic modulus, elastic limit, Poisson coefficient and all the parameters required for the analysis. Rolled, welded and cold formed steel sections are available. In the case of baseplates at steel column starts, the The reduction coefficients to be applied to the materials used are defined for each code. The corresponding articles of the code may be consulted. Upon selecting the material, the execution control level on site (if it exists for the selected code) must be indicated and therefore, the predefined weighting coefficient, which is predefined in a file associated with the selected

Pagina 88-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza ootings and Pile caps

1.6.3. Steel for steel...

Pagina 89 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza design code.
CYPE

33

34

CYPECAD...

design code. CYPE 33 34 CYPECAD 1.7.3. Loads • U.L.S. for failure. Rolled and welded steel. Section design. • U.L.S. for failure. Cold formed steel. Section design. The weighting coefficients will be applied depending on the execution control level and on the foreseeable damage that may occur within the project and on site, as well as its construction method. • U.L.S. for failure. Timber. Section design. Therefore, combination groups can be defined and activate the limit states which are to be checked for the selected code, and the weighting coefficients to be used. It is common practice for each country to establish the states detailed below. It should be taken into account whether the effect of the loads is favourable or unfavourable, as well as the origin of the load. The values may vary. These values will have to be established for each combination. To do so, the weighting and simultaneity factors defined in the corresponding combination file will be read, dependin

Pagina 89-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza design code.
CYPE

33

34

CYPECAD

1.7.3....

Pagina 90 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza g on the number of loadcases of each...

g on the number of loadcases of each of the simple loadcases in accordance with its origin. This file cannot be edited or modified by the user, although he/she can define his/her own combinations. 1.8.1. Ultimate limit states These are defined to check and design the sections. The previously mentioned combination groups for concrete, rolled steel, welded steel, cold-formed steel, timber and aluminium are usually indicated. They are not contemplated by codes which use allowable stresses. 1.8. Combinations Once the basic simple loadcases that intervene in the analysis have been defined, and in accordance with the code to apply, a group of element states must be checked which may require an equilibrium, tensile, fracture, fissure, deformation, etc check to be undertaken. All this is summarised in the limit states analysis, which may, additionally, be obtained depending on the material to be used. A group of combinations is defined for each of these limit states, with their correspondi

Pagina 90-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza g on the number of loadcases of each of the...

Pagina 91 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza ng weighting coefficients, which the...

ng weighting coefficients, which the program generates automatically and has to be selected for the analysis. The following states are checked: 1.8.1.1. Project situations The load combinations will be defined in accordance with the following criteria for the various project situations: Non-seismic situations • With combination coefficients • Without combination coefficients • U.L.S. for failure. Concrete. Section design. • U.L.S. for failure. Foundation concrete. Section design. • Soil pressures. Check for pressures acting on soil. • Displacements. To obtain the maximum displacements of the structure. CYPE CYPECAD - Calculations manual Seismic situations 2. Job description (2 lines). 3. Concrete for floor slabs • With combination coefficients 4. Concrete for foundations, foundation data 5. Concrete for columns and shear walls. May be different for each floor. 6. Concrete for walls. May be different for each floor. • Without combination coefficients 6.1

Pagina 91-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza ng weighting coefficients, which the
program...

Pagina 92 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza . Generic masonry wall properties:...

. Generic masonry wall properties: Modulus of elasticity E Shear modulus G Unit weight Design compressive strength Design tensile stress Consider shear stiffness In the case of block walls, the mortar and block resistance is selected and horizontal joint reinforcement steel. 7. Steel for concrete reinforcement where: Gk: Permanent load Qk: Variable load AE: Seismic load γG: Partial safety factor for permanent loads γQ1: Partial safety factor for main variable loads γQi: Partial safety factor for accompanying permanent loads 7.1. For columns, shear walls and corbels Vertical bars Stirrups (i > 1) for non-seismic situations (i ≥ 1) for seismic situations γA: Partial safety factor for seismic loads The program contains two tabs; one for floor slabs and the other for foundations ψp1: Combination coefficient of the main variable load ψa1: Combination coefficient of the accompanying variable loads 7.2. For beams: Top reinforcement (bottom additional reinf. for foundation

Pagina 92-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza . Generic masonry wall properties:
Modulus of...

Pagina 93 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza beams)
Bottom reinforcement (top...

beams) Bottom reinforcement (top reinf. for foundation beams) Assembly reinforcement (bottom reinf. for founda tion beams) Skin reinforcement Stirrups 7.3. For floor slabs: Shear and punching shear reinforcement Flat slab and mat foundation top reinforcement Flat slab and mat foundation bottom reinforce ment (i>1) for non-seismic situations (i ≥ 1) for seismic situations 1.9. Data entry The data to be introduced for the analysis of a job includes: 1.9.1. General data of the job The data included in points 3 to 6 is selected from a list of materials. 1. Design codes for concrete, steel (cold-formed and rolled), aluminium, timber, block walls and composite slabs. CYPE 35 36 CYPECAD Waffle slab, drop panel and joist floor slab top reinforcement Waffle slab, drop panel and in-situ joist floor slab bottom reinforcement 8. Steel for steel beam and column sections 8.1. Cold formed steel 8.2. Hot rolled steel 9. Wind loads 10. Seismic loads 11. Fire resistance check Fig. 1.16

Pagina 93-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza beams)
Bottom reinforcement (top reinf. for...

Pagina 94 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza 12. Additional loadcases (special...

12. Additional loadcases (special loads) When a column is disconnected in both directions for several consecutive floors, the column is designed for each span or floor, therefore when it comes to calculating the slenderness and effective length l0, the program takes the maximum value amongst all the consecutive disconnected spans, multiplying it by its total length = sum of all the lengths. 13. Limit states (combinations) 13.1. Concrete 13.2. Foundations 13.3. Cold formed steel 13.4. Rolled steel 13.5. Timber 13.6. Aluminium 13.7. Ground bearing pressures 13.8. Displacements 14. Buckling coefficients for each floor in each direction 14.1. Concrete columns 14.2. Steel columns Now, l0 = α · l (for both X and Y local directions of the column, with its corresponding value). These coefficients can be defined per floor or for each independent column. The program assumes a default value of α = 1 (also called β), whereby the user has to vary this value if he/she considers it to be so

Pagina 94-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza 12. Additional loadcases (special loads)

When a...

Pagina 95 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza due to the type of
structure and...

due to the type of structure and connections of the column with beams and slabs in both directions. When a column is disconnected in a single direction for several consecutive floors, the program will take, for each floor i, l0 = α1 · li, not acknowledging it not being connected. Therefore, if it is to be effective, in the direction where it is not connected, the value of each αi must be obtained, in such a way that: Observe the following case (Fig 1.16), whereby the buckling coefficients of a column which is not braced in various floors are analysed. Here, it can be seen that it may buckle along the whole of its height: This the value corresponding to completely exempt span, l. The value of each span, i, will be: CYPE CYPECAD - Calculations manual 37 the various codes only indicate how these values are exactly determined for frames, and given that the spatial behaviour of the structure does not correspond to the buckling of a frame, it is preferable not to provide the value

Pagina 95-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza due to the type of
structure and connections of ...

Pagina 96 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza s in an inexact manner.
...

s in an inexact manner. Nell’esempio corrente 1.9.2. Loads. Groups Therefore, when the program calculates the buckling length of floor 3, it will calculate: In this section, the user indicates whether or not to consider horizontal, wind and/or seismic loads and the code which is to be applied for each case. The program chooses the combination for each limit state internally. Likewise, the weighting factors are validated depending on the materials used and the intervening loads. The additional loads are also selected and are assigned to each loadcase. which coincides with that indicated for the complete unconnected span, even though the calculation is carried out for each floor, which is correct, but it will always take the length as α· l. The user can also modify the global dead and live loads for each floor group. The self weight of the floor slab is indicated in the file containing its description. The height which is considered for buckling design is the free height of t

Pagina 96-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza s in an inexact manner.

Nell’esempio corrente...

Pagina 97 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza he column, i.e. the height of the...

he column, i.e. the height of the floor minus the height of the beam or slab, whichever has the greatest depth) which reaches the column. 1.9.3. Wind loading The code to apply is to be selected. Please consult the section of the corresponding code. 1.9.4. Seismic loading If earthquake loads are present, the data to introduce will be in accordance with the selected code. Please consult the section of the corresponding code. Fig. 1.17 The final value of α of a column is the product of the α of the floor by the α of the span. Note: Loads associated to wind and/or earthquake loadcases can be defined in the additional loadcases section, if they are not automatically previously generated. It is left to the user’s opinion as to the values to be introduced in each direction of the local axes of the columns, as CYPE 38 CYPECAD 1.9.5. Fire resistance 1.9.7. Limit states (combinations) The coating (if present) of each structural element and group is defined, as is the required

Pagina 97-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza he column, i.e. the height of the floor minus...

Pagina 98 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza resistance and whether
the floor...

resistance and whether the floor slab fulfils its compartmentation duty. The group corresponding to each state to calculate is selected. • Concrete • Foundations • Cold formed steel 1.9.6. Additional loadcases (special loads) • Rolled steel Additional loadcases (special loads) can be defined automatically, and are different to general loads: • Timber • Aluminium • Permanent loads (self weight of floor slabs + dead loads) = (permanent loads) • Ground bearing pressures • Displacements • Live load defined within group data (live load) • Wind in accordance with the selected code (Wind) 1.9.8. General data of floor/groups, columns, column starts and shear walls (Column Definition tab) • Seismic load in accordance with the selected code (Earthquake) 1.9.8.1. Floors/groups If the user wishes to define loads (point, line or surface loads) which are to belong to these loadcases, these must first be created. The permanent loads and live loads are always de

Pagina 98-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza resistance and whether
the floor slab fulfils...

Pagina 99 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza fined by default.

Here, the data to...

fined by default. Here, the data to introduce includes: • Name of the groups, live and dead loads • Elevation of the foundation plane, name of the floor and height between floors. If alternating live loads are to be created, i.e. loads that do not act simultaneously for a combination, additional loadcases must be defined; the number of which is to correspond with the number of independent loads that are to be considered. The load disposition option within each loadcase can also be used. Upon indicating the heights (h) of the floors, the difference between the top floor slab surface is defined (or mean top reference plane). The elevations are calculated by the program based on the indicated data. The combinations are generated automatically based on the defined loadcases and their combinability. Upon introducing these special loads, be they line, point or surface loads, the loadcase associated to the load i.e. the loadcase to which it belongs, must be selected. Fig. 1.18 CYP

Pagina 99-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza fined by default.

Here, the data to introduce...

Pagina 100 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza E

CYPECAD - Calculations manual

...

E CYPECAD - Calculations manual 1.9.8.2. Columns The first defined vertex is the insertion fixed point even though its position may be varied. When defining a shear wall, the following parameters are selected: Their cross sectional and elevation geometry is to be defined, indicating: • Shear wall type 1. The type of column (concrete or steel) • Reference 2. Cross section at each floor level • Angle 3. Reference 4. Rotation angle 5. Start at foundation (with external fixity) or whether it starts elsewhere (without external fixity) and up to which floor it reaches. If the column starts on a beam or mat foundation, it must be defined without external fixity. The shear walls possess the same geometry on plan, whereby only their thickness can be varied. They may not start on columns, and columns cannot start on them. They are of constant geometry and brought about to brace the building horizontally. 7. Buckling coefficients at each floor and in both local directions; x

Pagina 100-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza E

CYPECAD - Calculations manual

1.9.8.2....

Pagina 101 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza and y (see text for Job general...

and y (see text for Job general data). 1.9.8.5. Horizontal loads on columns 6. Fixity coefficients at top and bottom of the column The type of load, loadcase and application point are defined. 8. If the column is a steel column, the type and series of the steel section selected from the library is indicated. 9. Support elevation change and depth, if present, so to include the details in the job drawings. Horizontal loads on columns can be defined with the following properties: 1.9.8.3. Column starts It is possible to only define the start of a column (i.e. column with zero height), so that foundation elements may be designed by simply defining the applied loads as loads acting at the top of the column. • Type of load: point, uniform load or strip load • Loadcase: those defined in the job (self weight, live load, wind earthquake) • Application point: at any column elevation • Direction: in local or general axes, in X or Y. 1.9.8.4. Reinforced concrete shear walls Fi

Pagina 101-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza and y (see text for Job general data).

1.9.8.5....

Pagina 102 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza rst of all, a shear wall series is ...

rst of all, a shear wall series is defined, indicating: 1.9.8.6. Vertical loads on columns • Name Loads (N, Mx, My, Qx, Qy, T) can be defined acting at the top of the last span (where it ends) of any column. These are in reference to the general axes, for any loadcase, added to those obtained from the analysis and in accordance with the following sign criteria: • Initial and final group • Sides and vertices • Thicknesses at each floor to the left and right of the axis of the side CYPE 39 40 CYPECAD A Fixity coefficient can be defined at beam edges. Its value varies between 0 (pinned) and 1 (fixed). Any slab panel joining that edge of the beam will be affected by that coefficient. Hinges can be introduced at the ends of any beam span, at connection points with beams, shear walls or other beams. Fig. 1.19 If the beam introduced is a foundation beam, the subgrade modulus and allowable bearing pressure are required. There is other data that can be consulted and modifi

Pagina 102-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza rst of all, a shear wall series is defined,...

Pagina 103 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza ed
such as the support conditions, ...

ed such as the support conditions, fixity and buckling coefficients. If a composite beam is going to be introduced, please consult section 8. Composite beams. 1.9.9.2. Walls 1.9.9. Floor slab data (Column Definition tab) Two types of walls can be defined: The geometry of the beams is defined graphically on the floor plan for each group of the structure. The columns and shear walls are visible for each group. The logical order in which the data is to be entered is as follows: Reinforced concrete walls. These are reinforced concrete walls, which may or may not receive lateral pressures from the soil. Masonry walls. These are brick or concrete block walls, which receive and transmit loads but no lateral pressures. 1.9.9.1. Beams, external wall supports and foundation beams The following data is to be indicated: • Start floor The type of beam is selected and its dimensions defined. • End floor • Mean thicknesses at each floor (to the left and to the right) • Soil latera

Pagina 103-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza ed
such as the support conditions, fixity and...

Pagina 104 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza l pressures (only for reinforced...

l pressures (only for reinforced concrete walls) indicating: - Loadcase of the pressure - Apparent unit weight - Submerged unit weight - Slope angle - Internal friction angle - Loads on fill (if present) Fig. 1.20 CYPE CYPECAD - Calculations manual • The reinforced and prestressed joists can be of the following types: • Beam or foundation support - Foundation beam (without external fixity) - Strip footing (without external fixity) - With external fixity (with or without a footing) - Beam without external fixity - When required, the data of the footing is to be indicated: • Allowable bearing pressure of the soil - • Soil subgrade modulus. A high default value is provided = 100,000 kN/m3, because if there are columns present, differing settlements on the ground can occur, which will not really occur if an analysis is carried out later on with pad footings below the columns. If all the foundation plane consisted of elements without external fixity (floating), a subgrade mo

Pagina 104-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza l pressures (only for reinforced concrete walls)...

Pagina 105 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza dulus corresponding to
the type of ...

dulus corresponding to the type of soil and dimensions of the foundations would be introduced. Generally speaking, it is not recommended elements with external fixity and elements without external fixity be used simultaneously. The program will emit a warning if this occurs. Manufacturer: data provided by a manufacturer. It cannot be edited. Library: contains joists defined by manufacturers and by users using a specific program “The floor slab file editor” provided by CYPE, which any user can use. Geometrical properties, provided by the user whereby all the data can be edited. Regarding the deflection calculation, it may be designed as a reinforced or prestressed beam. • By joist type: This depends on the resisted moment of the joist whereby the type of joist may be visualised instead of the bending moments, The value is indicated in dNm, per metre width, per joist with the applied safety factor. Each panel may consist of a different type of floor slab, and its position may be

Pagina 105-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza dulus corresponding to
the type of soil and...

Pagina 106 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza perpendicular to beams, parallel to...

perpendicular to beams, parallel to beams or defined by two pass-through points. 1.9.9.3. Type of floor slab The existence or non-existence of continuity between joists of adjacent panels can be achieved (except in the case of steel and open web joists, which are always simply supported). By copying panels, continuity is obtained from one to the next. By varying the insertion point, so joists in adjacent panels are not aligned, the continuity is eliminated. This is achieved as long as the distance between the ends of the joists of adjacent panels is greater than the short bar length (default value of 0.20m, which can be varied using the option Reduction coefficient of flexural stiffness of joist floor slab. The same continuity effect is produced if a beam is located at the end of a joist and works as an extension of the joist, where the separation of their axes is less than the short bar length. The floor slab is defined by giving it a name and introducing a series of data: 1.9.9.3

Pagina 106-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza perpendicular to beams, parallel to
beams or...

Pagina 107 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza .1. Joist floor slabs

Several...

.1. Joist floor slabs Several types of joist floor slabs are available: • Concrete joists (generic geometry) • Reinforced joists • Prestressed joists • In-situ joists • Steel joists • Open web joists CYPE 41 42 CYPECAD The data contained in the properties sheet can be taken from the use authorisations of the manufacturers, or introduce the values of a specific plate or slab to be built in-situ. There is some data which is required and should be clarified: Having defined a group, one of the previously defined groups can be copied and then carry out the required modifications. Elevation changes can be defined between panels. These changes are reflected in the drawings and reinforcement layout of slabs and beams affecting the heights of the supports which intersect the elevation change beam. This must be used with caution, as the program does not calculate the transverse bending of the beam. It is, therefore, recommended that the construction details be consulted and

Pagina 107-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza .1. Joist floor slabs

Several types of joist...

Pagina 108 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza the
stirrups and anchorage lengths...

the stirrups and anchorage lengths of the transverse reinforcement of the beam be checked manually. • Reference. To identify the properties sheet. • Description. The name of the plate. • Total slab depth. The total depth of the plate and the compression layer thickness (if present) • Plate width. The width of the plate. • Compression layer thickness. The compression layer thickness if present. • Minimum plate width. Is the smallest value that may be obtained from a longitudinal cut of a typical plate, as a consequence of the panel dimensions upon reaching the edge of the panel, where a special plate with a smaller width is placed instead. The width of the last plate varies between the typical width of the plate and this minimum value. The minimum negative and positive moments for joists can be consulted and modified. It is important they be consulted and assigned correctly. Double, triple…joists can be introduced. In this case the program will take the defined weigh

Pagina 108-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza the
stirrups and anchorage lengths of the...

Pagina 109 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza t, which is limited to a
triple...

t, which is limited to a triple joist. In this situation, a bar or joist parallel is introduced at a distance equal to the width of the joist defined in the properties sheet of the slab. • Maximum and minimum bearing. When the plate is slanted with respect to the normal of the support, the bearing at each edge of the plate is different, varying between the maximum and minimum values. If the maximum value is exceeded, the plate is bevelled. A fixity coefficient can be defined at joist edges or ends (0 = pinned, 1 = fixed which is the default value) for each panel. • Lateral bearing. This is the value the plate may overlap laterally with a parallel or slightly sloped support with respect to the longitudinal direction of the plate. 1.9.9.3.2. Composite slabs • Self weight. This is the weight per square metre of the complete slab. Please consult section 9. Composite slabs of this Calculations manual. • Concrete volume. This is the concrete volume in opening infills, joints b

Pagina 109-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza t, which is limited to a
triple joist. In this...

Pagina 110 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza etween plates and compression
layer...

etween plates and compression layer, if present. The program adopts the value corresponding to the compression layer by default. 1.9.9.3.3. Hollow core slabs To define a hollow core plate, its geometric data and mechanical properties must be introduced. • Plate concrete. This is information data to display which materials were used to calculate the resistance data of the section. CYPE CYPECAD - Calculations manual • Layer and joint concrete. Same as above. The decompression moment is that corresponding to class II, and so the positive service moment is compared with that in the table, choosing the corresponding column. • Top reinforcement steel. Same as above. The resistance data of the section are described below: 2. Slab negative flexure 1. Slab positive flexure. The data of the plate with joint infill concrete and compression layer, if present. • Diameter / Diameter / Spacing: Two columns of diameters are indicated, which allow the combination of two different di

Pagina 110-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza etween plates and compression
layer, if present....

Pagina 111 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza ameters at a given spacing. With...

ameters at a given spacing. With such reinforcement distributed in the zone of negative moments, the mechanical properties of the section are indicated in each row. • Ultimate moment. The maximum resisted moment (ultimate) • Cracking moment. To calculate the deflection using the Branson method. • Total stiffness, of the concrete-plate composite section, used to generate the stiffness matrix of the bars into which the slab is discretised. • Cracked stiffness. To calculate the deflection using the Branson method. • Service moment. Resisted moment depending on the type of prestressed concrete, which is not he same as the environment. The equivalence is: Environment I = Class III (Structures in building interiors or exterior areas of low humidity) Environment II = Class II (Structures in normal or non-aggressive exteriors, or in contact with normal waters or ordinary soil) Environment III = Class I (Structures in aggressive industrial or marine environment, or in contact with ag

Pagina 111-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza ameters at a given spacing. With such...

Pagina 112 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza gressive soils, salt or slightly...

gressive soils, salt or slightly acidic waters) The program compares, according to the environment defined for the plate, the service moment from the analysis with that from the sheet and, if it is smaller, the plate is acceptable. Otherwise, the program looks in the table for a plate that does not fail, and if one is not found, a message appears after the analysis. • Ultimate shear. Ultimate shear resisted by the total section. It is displayed in two columns depending on whether it is greater than the decompression moment (Mg) • Ultimate moment of the typical section. This is the negative moment resisted by the section for a given reinforcement. • Cracking moment. To calculate the deflection using the Branson method. • Total stiffness. To calculate the deflection using the Branson method. • Cracked stiffness. To calculate the deflection using the Branson method. • Ultimate shear. Shear resisted by the section for a given reinforcement. Based on the calculated reinforcem

Pagina 112-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza gressive soils, salt or slightly acidic waters)
...

Pagina 113 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza ent, the value of the
shear...

ent, the value of the shear resisted by the plate is known, which is compared with the design shear. If it fails, the program issues a message at the end of the analysis, and 'Insuf.' is indicated on the plate, on screen and in the drawing. If there are no values in the sheet, shear is not checked. Design process used Once the maximum design positive moment Md is known, the program searches in the positive slab flexure column, CYPE 43 44 CYPECAD elastic analysis subject to the total load = permanent load + live load. This is equivalent to building the floor on shoring, and upon their removal, the floor is subject to this total load. ULT. M., for a value greater than that obtained in the analysis. At the same time, and depending on the environment defined for the panel, the program looks in the SER. M. (1, 2, or 3) column for a value that meets the analysis service moment (obtained with the deflection combinations). A plate is chosen that meets both conditions. If this is not p

Pagina 113-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza ent, the value of the
shear resisted by the...

Pagina 114 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza ossible, a message is emitted...

ossible, a message is emitted warning that it is outside table range. In this analysis, the negative moments are generally greater than the positive moments. B. Unshored In the same way, and for the plate selected for flexure and environment, the program checks in the shear column, of positive and negative slab flexure, whether the design shear is less than that resisted by the slab. If it fails, a warning is emitted. The precast hollow core plate floors are generally constructed without shoring, such that the final load state is comprised of two states: 1. The plate is subject to the self-weight of the slab w, which follows the typical moment equation for a simply supported element (M=wl2/8). The lengths of the bars are established depending on the bending moment envelope, and the minimum lengths defined in the options. 2. The floor in its continuity is subject to an additional load, after the erection of the slab, comprised of the dead loads and live loads. The envelopes are ob

Pagina 114-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza ossible, a message is emitted warning that it is...

Pagina 115 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza tained according to the acting...

tained according to the acting forces, considered redistribution and minimum applied moments. This check is not carried out when data has not been defined for deflection, environment or shear analysis. The superposition of the two stages leads to a load state which produces greater positive moments than negative moments, in the majority of cases. Within the Panel manager option, the environment can be selected, as well as the fixity coefficient at edges and minimum moments for each type of span: end, intermediate, isolated or overhanging. In the current version of the program, the analysis is not carried out in two stages. If the floor is constructed without shoring (case B), reasonably approximate results that concur with what is expected are obtained. This is done by modifying the fixity coefficients in the continuous panels. Construction process As a guide, the value of the fixity coefficient to assign to panels depends on the relationship between the self-weight of the floor a

Pagina 115-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza tained according to the acting forces,...

Pagina 116 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza nd the total load, assuming a state...

nd the total load, assuming a state of uniform loads. The analysis can be carried out as a shored or unshored construction. A. Shored The value of the fixity coefficient would be: The analysis that is carried out by the program when continuity is considered, with a fixity coefficient value =1, is an fix.coeff. = 1 - (floor slf.wt. / total load) CYPE CYPECAD - Calculations manual For example, consider the case of a floor weighing 400 kg/m2, with paving weighing 100 kg/m2 and a live load of 500 kg/m2: floor slab self weight = 400 total load = 400+100+500 = 1000 Fig. 1.21 fix.coeff = 1-(400/1000) = 1-0.4 = 0.6 A base reinforcement mesh, spanning in both directions, top and/or bottom can be defined, which is considered in the analysis and has its diameter designed during the process. A fixity coefficient of 0.6 would be assigned to continuous slabs. The program assigns this value automatically to each panel of hollow core slabs when the unshored option has been activated. In

Pagina 116-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza nd the total load, assuming a state of uniform...

Pagina 117 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza any case, it is recommended that...

any case, it is recommended that the user consult with the manufacturer on the construction process and ask for advice for the design, verifying that the plate in its first phase, subject to its self weight and a construction live load (generally 100 kg/m2) can withstand the construction phase. Fig. 1.22 Very important: If a base reinforcement is considered, the option Job > General data > By position > Floor slabs tab > Options for flat, waffle and one-ways slabs > Detail base reinforcement in drawings must be activated, otherwise it will not be visible on screen. Therefore it will not be measured in the takeoff reports or bar schedules in drawings. Special attention must also be paid when printing drawings so to ensure that it does exist, has been considered in the analysis and therefore must be placed on site. The drawings should be checked and the necessary details added to indicate the overlap lengths and areas where these can occur. As for obtaining the deflection, it is calcu

Pagina 117-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza any case, it is recommended that the user...

Pagina 118 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza lated based on the
mechanical...

lated based on the mechanical properties indicated in the slab properties sheet or those defined by the user, and with the moment envelopes for the final state. These values can be consulted as a function of the established deflection limits in the hollow core plate options. 1.9.9.3.4. Flat slabs The depth of the panel and reinforcement direction are defined. Each panel may have a different depth. A fixity coefficient may be applied for any type of flat slab at its edges when connecting with the beams supporting it. The value may vary between 0 (pinned) and 1 (fixed), as well as any other value between these limits. Elevation changes may be defined between panels, with the same applied observations as indicated with joist floor slabs. If this option is activated, the base reinforcement can be seen as any other reinforcement and can be edited and modified. The bottom base reinforcement is always continuous, and overlaps in areas with maximum negative bending. The top reinforcement is

Pagina 118-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza lated based on the
mechanical properties...

Pagina 119 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza not continuous and is only
placed ...

not continuous and is only placed where necessary. In the case of mat foundations, the positions are inverted. The reinforcement is measured in the takeoff reports and is drawn on drawings as additional reinforcement. CYPE 45 46 CYPECAD The direction in which the reinforcement is placed can also be indicated. Mat foundations can also be used. In this case, the depth of the slab is to be indicated, as well as the subgrade modulus and allowable bearing pressure. The base reinforcement in mat foundations is determined automatically depending on the minimum steel ratio defined in the slab options. 1.9.9.3.5. Waffle slabs Waffle slabs are formed by panels in which two zones are present: a lightweight zone and a solid zone. Fig. 1.23 The lightweight zone is the first to be defined and is done so by selecting it from an editable program library or using the user’s own definition. The lightweight zone can consist of removable or lost forms. Once the type of form is selected, the c

Pagina 119-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza not continuous and is only
placed where...

Pagina 120 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza orresponding data must be filled in...

orresponding data must be filled in (Figs. 1.23 and 1.24): • • • • Reference Total depth Compression layer thickness Number of elements making up the lightweight form (for lost form only) • Geometry of the transverse section: rib spacing, which can be the same or different in X and Y and the rib width (which can be variable in the case of removable forms). • Concrete volume/m2 • Self weight of the slab (approximate, depending on the material making up the lightweight zone) Fig. 1.24 Having defined this data, the pass-through point, which may vary, of the rib mesh is indicated on the panel. The ribs can span in any direction. Elevation changes between panels can be defined, obeying the same rules as for joist floor slabs. A base reinforcement mesh, spanning in both directions, top and/or bottom can be defined, which is considered in the design of the reinforcement. Remember: when introducing data, an estimate of the total weight is carried out, as the program initiall

Pagina 120-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza orresponding data must be filled in (Figs. 1.23 ...

Pagina 121 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza y displays the volume
and...

y displays the volume and approximate weight of the infilled zones, compression layer and the selected default material (concrete). If this is not the case, the value may be modified. In the case of removable forms, only the value of the infilled concrete is estimated. CYPE CYPECAD - Calculations manual with a 40º angle of vision. If no other column is ‘seen’ (for example in the case of edge columns) the same value as was taken in the opposite sense of the same direction is used. The drop panel limits are set at 2.5 – 5 times the depth. An option is included in the program (Slabs > Drop panels > Configuration of drop panel generation in the Beam Definition tab) which allows for these design parameters to be modified. Very important: If a base reinforcement is considered, the option Job > General data > By position > Floor slabs tab > Options for flat, waffle and one-ways slabs > Detail base reinforcement in drawings must be activated, otherwise it will not be visible on scre

Pagina 121-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza y displays the volume
and approximate weight of ...

Pagina 122 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza en. Therefore
it will not be...

en. Therefore it will not be measured in the takeoff reports or bar schedules in drawings. Special attention must also be paid when printing drawings so to ensure that it does exist, has been considered in the analysis and therefore must be placed on site. The drawings should be checked and the necessary details added to indicate the overlap lengths and areas where these can occur. If these are generated manually, solid zones may be introduced, always adjusting them to the lightweight zone. These are not to be used to simulate beams. In that case introduce beams. Also, always do so at free edges. Drop panels always have a base reinforcement between ribs which is considered and deducts additional rib reinforcement in the analysis. It is not measured and cannot be indicated, therefore drawings must be checked, its presence indicated and construction details provided for construction on site. If this option is activated, the base reinforcement can be seen as any other reinforcement and

Pagina 122-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza en. Therefore
it will not be measured in the...

Pagina 123 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza can be edited and
modified. The...

can be edited and modified. The bottom base reinforcement is always continuous, and overlaps in areas with maximum negative bending. The top reinforcement is not continuous and is only placed where necessary. In the case of mat foundations, the positions are inverted. The reinforcement is measured in the takeoff reports and is drawn on drawings as additional reinforcement. When printing out the floor plan layout drawings, the program always places an information box indicating the base reinforcement of the ribs and drop panels, even though the bars are not displayed or detailed. The floor slab can be different for each panel. If the beams separating each panel are flat, the beam will adopt the greatest depth of the two slabs on either of its sides. In the case of dropped beams, the amount by which it drops is measured as of the greatest depth. A fixity coefficient can be applied to the edges of the panel whose value may vary between 0 (pinned) and 1 (fixed). The forms provided in th

Pagina 123-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza can be edited and
modified. The bottom base...

Pagina 124 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza e lightweight zone of the slab can
...

e lightweight zone of the slab can optionally be drawn. Predefined reinforcement Reinforcement can be defined in any position and direction which is deducted from the necessary additional reinforcement in its zone of action. The solid zones or drop panels can be generated automatically over columns or at any zone or the panel. These adopt the same depth as the lightweight panel in which they are situated. Their depth can be modified so their bottom surface drops below that of the lightweight section of the slab. Openings Panels in which no floor slabs are introduced remain empty, and are represented by a question mark; therefore users must delete the panel which is the same as introducing an opening, which is represented by two intersecting discontinuous lines. When drop panels are generated automatically, the dimensions in each direction are adjusted to 1/6 of the distance between the column in question and the one closest to it, CYPE 47 48 CYPECAD Additionally, rectangula

Pagina 124-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza e lightweight zone of the slab can
optionally be...

Pagina 125 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza r openings may be introduced in...

r openings may be introduced in existing flat or waffle slabs. strap and/or tie beams can be inserted which can also connect to strip footings below walls. If the type of beam considered contains a reduced form at the side at which the opening is located, it will not be taken into account and the program will warn that the data is incorrect. Strap beams are defined to absorb the moment transmitted to the footing or pile cap they reach. Several beams may act simultaneously to absorb the moment in a given direction, in which case it will be distributed proportionally to their respective stiffnesses. Rectangular footings are design as rigid solids and may support several columns and/or shear walls. The same is applicable to pile caps, in accordance with a defined type of resolved cases. Beams located between two openings or between an opening and the external edge, if they have been defined as flat and do not have a lateral slab, do not have their depths defined and therefore must be

Pagina 125-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza r openings may be introduced in existing flat or...

Pagina 126 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza changed to dropped
beams,...

changed to dropped beams, indicating their dimensions. If, at any floor, there is an independent zone whose perimeter is defined by beams contained within an internal opening, even though there is no slab, the stiffness or non-deformable hypothesis of the floor is maintained. 1.9.10. Loads. Sloped beams. Diagonal bracing Apart from the general surface loads, point, line and surface loads may also be introduced. All these are introduced graphically on screen and may be visualised to be consulted or to be modified at any moment. Therefore, if horizontal loads are present, incorrect results will not be obtained. This situation is recommended when using sloped or exempt disconnected beams defined in the same group, which are elements that possess 6 degrees of freedom and do not consider the non-deformable hypothesis of the floor. Each type of load has an easily identified graphic diagram, as well as being displayed in different colours, if they belong to different loadcases. If rein

Pagina 126-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza changed to dropped
beams, indicating their...

Pagina 127 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza forced concrete walls have been...

forced concrete walls have been defined with acting lateral pressures, and there are joist floor slabs running parallel to the wall, these should have sufficient stiffness to behave as a rigid diaphragm, and so the infills and corresponding details, which the program does not carry out automatically will have to be provided. In the case of sloped beams, their dimensions must be indicated, as well as the loads that may act on them (point, line, strip, triangular,…), and where they span from and to (initial and final groups). They always have 6 degrees of freedom. They can consist of rectangular concrete sections or steel sections. Their ends can be fixed or pinned. The diagonal bracing consists of sloped beams, crossing each other between two supports and between two floors; these are always steel sections. For versions earlier than the 2012.a version, if there are empty panels next to the wall and perpendicular beams exempt from the wall, these must be placed as sloped beams so the

Pagina 127-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza forced concrete walls have been defined with...

Pagina 128 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza y may be
designed for compressive...

y may be designed for compressive bending, as normal beams and slabs are only designed for simple bending. Please refer to chapter 12. Rigid diaphragm if the program version is greater than or equal to the 2012.a version. Integrated 3D structures can also be created between independent zones. 1.9.11. Stairs 1.9.9.3.6. Foundations Please consult chapter 10. Stairs of this calculations manual. caps can be defined at starts of columns and shear walls ‘with external fixity’. Spanning between these elements, CYPE CYPECAD - Calculations manual 1.10. Analysis of the structure until the end, emitting a report once it has concluded. It is convenient that the error messages of all the elements be checked. Once all the data has been introduced, the structure can be analysed. During the process, information messages will appear regarding the analysis phase the program is running through. Error messages are also emitted if data exists which is incompatible with the analysis. If one or

Pagina 128-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza y may be
designed for compressive bending, as...

Pagina 129 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza several Integrated 3D structures...

several Integrated 3D structures have been created, bear in mind that these can be processed individually and in an independent manner to the floor groups. It is convenient this be done and the introduced sections designed. This way, when the complete structure is processed, including the defined Integrated 3D structures, the results will be closer to the final section sizes that will be required. The first phase of the program consists in generating the geometric structure of all the elements forming a stiffness matrix of the structure. If the program detects incorrect data, error messages will be emitted and the process will stop. This phase can be executed independently for one group or for all the job. It is possible that in many cases, especially when concerning steel columns and beams and Integrated 3D structures containing steel elements, that the section sizes have to be modified before the analysis, and that, due to their inertias varying significantly, make it obligatory t

Pagina 129-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza several Integrated 3D structures have been...

Pagina 130 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza o launch a new
analysis.

The...

o launch a new analysis. The second phase consists in inverting the stiffness matrix using frontal methods. If it is singular, a message will be emitted indicating it is a mechanism, if this situation is detected for an element or part of the structure. In this case the process stops. This occurs frequently in steel structures and should not worry the user. Sometimes the analysis process must be repeated several times until all the steel sections are those to be used as the final section sizes. In the case of reinforced concrete, due to the program working with the gross section of the element, if the sections do not vary, or if they vary by a small amount, they are usually accepted as they remain. In the third phase, the displacements are obtained for all the defined loadcases. A message will be emitted indicating there are excessive displacements at those points where the structure exceeds a value, whether it be due to an incorrect design of the structure or to the torsion stiffne

Pagina 130-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza o launch a new
analysis.

The second phase...

Pagina 131 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza ssess defined for an element.
If...

ssess defined for an element. If global stability problems exist, the structure should be revised, when second order effects have been considered. Regarding an analysis carried out with Stairs, the user should bear in mind that the stairs are designed independently, obtaining the reactions at the start, end and intermediate supports, transforming these reactions into line loads which are applied on the structure as live and dead loads. With these loads applied to the structure, the program analyses the complete CYPECAD job. An integrated analysis has not been undertaken because their contribution and influence on the structure when exposed to horizontal loads is large and could provide results which do not usually arise in common practice, especially when what traditionally is done is apply their reactions and not integrate them. The fourth phase consists in obtaining the combinations and envelopes of all the defined combinations for each element: beams, slabs, columns, etc., and for

Pagina 131-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza ssess defined for an element.
If global...

Pagina 132 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza each limit state.
In the fifth...

each limit state. In the fifth phase the program designs and reinforces all the defined elements in accordance with the combinations and envelopes, geometry, materials and existing reinforcement tables. A message is emitted if any of the limits indicated in the code are exceeded. The program continues CYPE 49 50 CYPECAD Upon concluding the analysis, the errors and problems that have arisen during the analysis of the different elements can be consulted. They may be consulted on screen or by printing out a file, depending on the type of error. Other errors must be consulted per element, column, beam, slab, etc. 1.11.1.2. Results of regular beams and foundation beams 1.11. Results • Beam envelopes with or without seismic loading, with bending moments, shear forces and torsion moments. All this can be measured numerically or graphically. All beam data may be consulted: • Active deflection and other deflection, deflection/span ratio, consideration of minimum moments. Once t

Pagina 132-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza each limit state.
In the fifth phase the...

Pagina 133 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza he analysis has finished, the...

he analysis has finished, the results can be consulted on screen, obtain reports from text files or via printer and copy the job in any drive. • Beam reinforcement, considering the number of bars, their diameter, their lengths and the stirrups with their lengths. These results may be modified. The design and necessary top and bottom reinforcement areas can be consulted, for longitudinal and transverse reinforcement. Elements defined without ‘exterior fixity’: footings, pile caps, strap and tie beams can be designed simultaneously or later on. All these foundation elements can be edited, modified, redesigned or checked in an isolated manner to the rest of the structure. • Beam errors: excessive deflection, bar spacing, anchorage lengths, compressed reinforcement, and oblique compression due to shear and/or torsion and all the other inadequate design or reinforcement data. Colour codes can be assigned to valuate their importance. 1.11.1. Consulting on screen The following da

Pagina 133-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza he analysis has finished, the results can be...

Pagina 134 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza ta can be consulted at any moment.
...

ta can be consulted at any moment. • Fixity coefficient at beam edges 1.11.1.1. Job general data • Sections designed using steel beam option and sections which verifies all the checks of the section series. In the case of composite steel beams, the shear studs are designed. It is convenient that the data introduced be revised: columns, groups (live loads, dead loads), floor heights, wind and seismic loading, materials used, options, reinforcement tables, etc. The options contained in this section are saved with the job, as well as those reinforcement tables that have been converted into Special tables. It is convenient these be saved separately because if options or tables have been modified and the job is reanalysed after some time, different results may be obtained. Beam sections may be modified. If the dimensions of the beams have varied, the Redesign option is available to obtain new reinforcement with same forces of the initial analysis. In this case the errors should be

Pagina 134-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza ta can be consulted at any moment.

• Fixity...

Pagina 135 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza rechecked.

It is possible to...

rechecked. It is possible to redesign only those frames that have undergone dimension changes, conserving those where only the reinforcement has been modified, or redesign all, in which case the reinforcement of all the beams which have been modified is redesigned. If this data is modified, the job must be reanalysed. If they have been validated, the result consultation may continue. Options and tables may be modified and then redesign the structure to obtain a new result. CYPE CYPECAD - Calculations manual 1.11.1.5. Composite slab results The reinforcement may also be blocked, then checked after another analysis has been run. Please consult chapter 9. Composite slabs. If the dimensions of the beams have varied greatly, it is highly recommended the job be reanalysed. 1.11.1.6. Hollow core slab results The beam reinforcement may be modified, if the user wishes to do so and he/she is responsible for this. The program displays a colour code to verify the beam contains no errors

Pagina 135-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza rechecked.

It is possible to redesign only...

Pagina 136 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza . If beam dimensions have been...

. If beam dimensions have been modified in Errors, study whether it is more convenient to redesign to obtain new reinforcement. The following may be consulted: • Bending moment and shear envelopes for the selected panel strip and with a mean value per metre width • Type of selected hollow core plate • Top reinforcement at supports, indicating, depending on the activated views, the number, diameter, spacing and length of bars. 1.11.1.3. Loads The values of all the loads introduced: point, line and surface, can be visualised graphically. Each group of loads associated to different loadcases has a different colour code. This way, it is possible to check whether the data is correct. If any load modifications are undertaken, the job should be reanalysed. • Deflection information • Analysis errors, be they due to moments, shear, deflection or environment. The type of hollow core plate can be modified, as well as the top reinforcement. 1.11.1.4. Joist floor slab results 1.1

Pagina 136-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza . If beam dimensions have been modified in...

Pagina 137 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza 1.1.7. Results of flat slabs,...

1.1.7. Results of flat slabs, waffle slabs and mat foundations The following data can be consulted in regards to joist floor slabs: Data of introduced slabs. • Bending moment and shear envelopes in joist alignments (with applied safety factor and per beam) • Defined base reinforcement, and when required, that modified in the design. • Top reinforcement for joists. Their number, diameter and length are taken into account. • Discretised element mesh (see 3D model) • Bending moments and shears at ends with applied safety factor and per metre width for joists. • Required reinforcement area envelopes displayed per metre width, in the direction of the defined reinforcement, top and bottom. The joist bending moments and shear can be made uniform in reference to mean values, percentage differences or maximum values. All the previous values can be modified for drawings, to those values considered by the user. Please consult chapter 6. Joist floor slabs for more information

Pagina 137-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza 1.1.7. Results of flat slabs, waffle slabs and...

Pagina 138 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza on data and results.

•...

on data and results. • Displacements in mm. For any loadcase of any node. • Forces per loadcase of any node and required design steel area in each reinforcement direction. The method used to obtain the design forces is the Wood method, known internationally, required for the correct considerCYPE 51 52 CYPECAD 1.11.1.8. Column results ation of moments possessing both signs and torsion forces. It is possible to consult column reinforcement and modify the columns’ dimensions so to obtain a new reinforcement arrangement. Their reinforcement can also be modified. The forces (axial, moments, shear and torsion) in columns by loadcase may also be consulted at any point along the column, at any floor, as well as being able to visualise the force diagrams. • Maximum displacements of panels for each loadcase. Not to be confused with deflection. In the case of mat foundations this indicates the settlement. If the values are positive, uplift is present and the analysis would not b

Pagina 138-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza on data and results.

• Displacements in mm....

Pagina 139 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza e correct using the applied theory....

e correct using the applied theory. • Consultation of the reinforcement obtained in any longitudinal or transverse direction, top or bottom of the defined base reinforcement, if present. Likewise, the worst case forces (with applied safety factor) which determine the reinforcement to be placed, for any span can be consulted (please recall that various worst case combinations can exist for a specific reinforcement i.e. reinforcement may be valid for those forces but the reinforcement checked immediately before is not). Deformation and stress diagrams of the concrete and steel for a section perpendicular to the neutral axis are also provided. The resultant moments due to the amplification because of accidental and second order (buckling) eccentricity, which appear, in red, below the worst case forces table. • Check and design of punching shear reinforcement, if required, of solid areas and ribs of the lightweight zone. • Matching of reinforcement in any direction to obtain maxim

Pagina 140 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza um reinforcement areas and lengths....

um reinforcement areas and lengths. • Excessive bearing pressures in mat foundations. • Force, displacement and steel area, contour lines and contour maps. If flexure lines have been introduced before the analysis, minimum reinforcement lengths and bottom reinforcement overlaps must be provided, if required, in accordance to that indicated in the option for minimum lengths for flat and waffle slabs. It is recommended this introduction be done before the analysis, as if it is carried out later, the overlaps will be constructive (30cm) and will not be redesigned. If the column does not verify a check, an abbreviation appears to indicate why the column fails e.g. SAe: Excessive ratio: due to it exceeding the limits stated in the code, even though in this case, the program does provide column reinforcement. More messages can appear which should be consulted. All these modifications are carried out on screen and according to the user’s criteria. If the reinforcement or the column

Pagina 141 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza dimensions are modified
and the...

dimensions are modified and the column still fails, a sign appears to the left indicating the maximum steel ratios have been exceeded. Flat and waffle slabs may be redesigned after the first analysis. By executing the Redesign option (introducing a matching line) to obtain new reinforcement using the forces of the initial analysis. If important modifications have been carried out it is highly recommended the job be reanalysed, as the stiffnesses will have varied. Once the data has been consulted, the next phase consists in obtaining graphical results. CYPE CYPECAD - Calculations manual If a column is present with insufficient section, it will not be drawn or measured. analysis can be consulted and the amplification values of the applied forces and resultant factor due to the horizontal load of each intervening combination viewed on screen. All is explained when entering the data and a report of the results may also be printed out. A column’s reinforcement can be blocked and

Pagina 141-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza dimensions are modified
and the column still...

Pagina 142 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza maintained;
hence after running...

maintained; hence after running through another analysis, it may be checked to see if it does not fail. 1.11.1.11. Wind results Using the Column schedule option, columns can be grouped amongst each other. Those that fail are displayed in red. The values of the wind load in X and the wind load in Y at each floor level can be consulted and the results printed out. 1.11.1.9. Results of shear walls, reinforced concrete walls and masonry walls 1.11.1.12. Earthquake results The normal and tangential stress diagrams may be consulted for the whole height of the shear wall for each calculated combination, as well as displacement diagrams for the defined loadcases. The force distribution diagrams are displayed in colour scales, indicating the maximum and minimum values. The values of the vibration period for each mode considered can be consulted, the participation coefficient of the mobilised masses in each direction and the seismic coefficient corresponding to the resultant displacement

Pagina 142-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza maintained;
hence after running through another ...

Pagina 143 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza spectrum.

1.11.1.13. Contour maps ...

spectrum. 1.11.1.13. Contour maps and contour lines in flat and waffle slabs, and mat foundations The reinforcement can be consulted and modified to the user’s judgement, as well as the thickness. The wall is displayed in red if it fails. It may be redesigned. In this section of the program, the displacements, forces and steel areas in cm2/m may be consulted for all the panels of any group. A coded information text exists with messages explaining the state of the design. The Compliance factor of the reinforcement provided may also be consulted, given as a %, and the areas where additional reinforcement is required. 1.11.1.14. Deformed shape 1.11.1.10. Results of the analysis with 2nd order effects 1.11.2. Printed reports A 3D model can be observed displaying the deformed shape for each loadcase and combination, as well as its animated deformation. A report of the worst case forces of the span is also available as well as the forces per loadcase of the resultant. The data i

Pagina 143-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza spectrum.

1.11.1.13. Contour maps and contour...

Pagina 144 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza ntroduced and the analysis results ...

ntroduced and the analysis results are displayed in a report which can be printed out or saved as a text file. If 2nd order effects have been considered in the analysis, be it because of wind or seismic loading, the results of the CYPE 53 54 CYPECAD • Report on earthquake participation coefficients, which include mode periods, mobilised mass participation coefficient, and resultant seismic coefficient in each direction (dynamic analysis). The following data can be printed out: • General reports. These include the name of the job, groups, floors, heights, coordinates, column dimensions and their fixity, shear walls, gravitational load data, wind data, seismic data, materials used, control levels, slabs used in the job, geometry and self weight. • Report on maximum displacements of columns, at each floor for all the columns, for the most unfavourable combination for each direction. • Report of combinations used in the analysis. • Maximum column distortion report. �

Pagina 144-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza ntroduced and the analysis results are displayed...

Pagina 145 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza � Beam reinforcement report....

� Beam reinforcement report. Contains the necessary mechanical capacity envelopes, moments, shear forces, torsion, provided reinforcement and active deflection. • Foundation report. Provides a report on the material data, loads and pad footing, pile cap and strap and tie beam geometry as well as their takeoff. A report on the design checks of the foundation elements is also obtained. • Envelopes report, with bending moment, shear and torsion envelope drawings. • Beam takeoff report • Corbel report • Beam interchange file. This is a text file which includes information on beam reinforcement. • Column and beam ultimate limit state checks • Integrated 3D structures report • Beam fabrication tag list The reports are a complement to the graphical information obtained on screen, just as the drawings define the geometry and reinforcement of the project. • Floor slab and beam, surface and volume report • Joist takeoff report for each type of joist and length • F

Pagina 145-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza � Beam reinforcement report. Contains the...

Pagina 146 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza orm takeoff report

• Joist floor...

orm takeoff report • Joist floor slab reinforcement takeoff 1.11.3. Drawings • Report on the reinforcement per square metre of the job The project drawings can be configured in different formats, be it a standard format or one defined by the user. Similarly for the paper sizes to be used. They can also be drawn using different peripherals: printer, plotter or DXF/ DWG and PDF files. They will have to be configured in Windows for them to work correctly and have the corresponding drivers installed. • Flat and waffle slab reinforcement report • Report on forces in sloped beams, with moment, axial force and shear moments and provided reinforcement. • Report on columns and shear walls, which includes the reinforcement report, forces at column starts, forces by loadcase and worst case forces in columns and shear walls. Any type of construction detail or drawing in DXF or DWG format can be included, as well as using the edition resources the program allows: texts, lines, arcs

Pagina 146-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza orm takeoff report

• Joist floor slab...

Pagina 147 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza , DXF. Any
scale, line thickness,...

, DXF. Any scale, line thickness, text size, title block, etc. can be applied, in such a way that the drawing can be completely personalised, including the active DXF or DWG template. • Report on the displacements per loadcase for each column and at each floor. • Second order effects report • Wind load report CYPE CYPECAD - Calculations manual 6. Foundation loads. Drawing of all the foundation starts with the loads at the starts (by loadcase), expressed in general axes. Columns and shear walls are included. All the elements are defined by layers and the elements to be drawn in each drawing can be selected. Basically, the following drawings can be drawn: 7. Reinforced concrete and load bearing wall elevations. Elevation of each wall span, with a reinforcement table for each span and floor, including an approximate takeoff. 1. Layout plan. Draws and dimensions all the elements per floor and in reference to the layout axes. Includes, as an option, the surfaces and volumes of

Pagina 147-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza , DXF. Any
scale, line thickness, text size,...

Pagina 148 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza slabs, as
well as the...

slabs, as well as the reinforcement areas in the information block. 8. Load distribution. Special applied loads are drawn by loadcase for each group. 2. Floor plans. Geometry of all the elements on the floor: beams, columns, shear walls, walls, joist floor slabs (indicating positive moments and shear forces at joist ends, lengths and bars of additional top reinforcement), flat and waffle slab reinforcement, with a block detailing the base reinforcement in flat slabs, and drop panels and ribs of waffle slabs, punching shear reinforcement in solid and lightweight zones. A summary block can be detailed with their corresponding takeoff and total takeoffs. Drawings of the foundation elements can also be obtained. 9. Corbels drawing. The geometry and reinforcement is drawn. 10. Contour lines. The contour lines and contours are drawn for flat and waffle slabs. 11. 3D Structure. This is drawn if the user possesses Metal 3D and Integrated 3D structures have been created. 1.12. Design and

Pagina 148-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza slabs, as
well as the reinforcement areas in...

Pagina 149 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza check of elements

3. Beam drawings...

check of elements 3. Beam drawings. Drawing of the beam alignments, including their name, scales, dimension, reinforcement number, diameters, lengths and spacing, as well as their position, stirrup type, diameter and spacing. The detailing can be displayed in a summary block together with the total takeoff. The parabola-rectangle and rectangular diagram methods are used for the design of reinforced concrete sections at ultimate limit state, together with stress-deformation diagrams of the concrete and for each type of steel, in accordance with the current code (see Code implementation chapter). 4. Column and baseplate schedule. Diagram of the column sections, indicating their references, position, stirrups, type, diameter, lengths, steel sections and is grouped by equal types. A block is provided containing the baseplates at steel column starts, with their dimensions, anchorage bolts and geometry. They can be drawn or selected by floor, as well as including a summary of their takeof

Pagina 149-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza check of elements

3. Beam drawings. Drawing of ...

Pagina 150 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza f.

The limits required for both...

f. The limits required for both geometric and mechanical, minimum and maximum steel areas indicated in the codes are used. The required bar layout, regarding the number of steel bars to provide, minimum diameter and minimum and maximum spacing between bars, is also taken into account. These limits can be consulted and modified on screen in Options. Other parameters are saved in internal files. 5. Detailing of columns. Drawing providing details on the columns and shear walls, including an elevation of the lengths and a block with the lengths of all the bars. CYPE 55 56 CYPECAD 1.12.1. Horizontal and inclined panel beams The second and third types may be of a smaller length, but are always symmetrical, complying with minimum percentage lengths (d and e in the figure) of the span specified in Options. 1.12.1.1. Longitudinal reinforcement due to bending The reinforcement is determined by carrying out a simple bending calculation at, at least, 14 points of each beam span, limited

Pagina 150-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza f.

The limits required for both geometric and...

Pagina 151 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza by the elements with which it...

by the elements with which it contacts, be it joists, flat or waffle slabs. At each point, and based on the bending moment envelopes, the required top and bottom reinforcement (tension and compression reinforcement depending on the sign of the moments) is determined. This reinforcement is checked with the minimum geometric and mechanical values provided in the code, adopting the largest value. It is determined for seismic and non-seismic envelopes and the largest steel area obtain for both is placed. Fig. 1.25 NOTE: The first type always passes beyond the support by 10 diameters measured from the face of the support. Bottom reinforcement Once the required design area is known for all the calculated points, the reinforcement sequence immediately after the required area is located in the bottom reinforcement table. The reinforcement tables are defined for the specified width and depth. When a reinforcement combination cannot be found within the reinforcements table that covers the

Pagina 151-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza by the elements with which it contacts, be it...

Pagina 152 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza required steel area
for the...

required steel area for the dimensions of the beam, φ25 will be provided. The program will indicate: Bottom reinforcement outside table. The total reinforcement in the reinforcement tables is divided into 3 types. Each one may have a different diameter. The first type consists of the reinforcement spanning between supports but goes beyond them and anchored in a constructive manner. In other words, the support axis passes up to the opposite face by at least 3 centimetres, except if (because the bottom reinforcement is close to or reaches the support or because compression reinforcement is required at the supports) it is necessary to anchor the reduced anchorage length as of the axis. The default reinforcement tables provide this first type of reinforcement whose steel are is always greater than a third or a quarter of the total reinforcement in the default reinforcement tables of the program. If the tables are modified, the user must ensure this proportion is maintained. Top reinforc

Pagina 152-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza required steel area
for the dimensions of the...

Pagina 153 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza ement

There are two types of top...

ement There are two types of top reinforcement: Top reinforcement (in normal beams, bottom in foundation beams). Once the required design area is known for the calculated points, the reinforcement sequence immediately proceeding the necessary reinforcement in the top reinforcement table is placed. Reinforcement with up to three different cut off lengths can be placed; in Beam reinforcement options, a minimum span % can be defined for each group. The reinforcement tables are defined for the widths and depths specified in the table. The total reinCYPE CYPECAD - Calculations manual forcement is divided into three types. Each type can be of a different diameter. Other longitudinal reinforcement considerations • For T sections, additional reinforcement is place to hold the ends of the stirrups at the top of the T. Fig. 1.26 Within the support zone of the column, a linear variation of the depth of the beam will be considered (1/3), which leads to a reduction of the required reinfo

Pagina 153-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza ement

There are two types of top reinforcement:...

Pagina 154 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza rcement. This will be the
greatest ...

rcement. This will be the greatest obtained between the faces of the edges of the support, where the most usual case will consist of it being close to or at the edge of the support. Assembly reinforcement: Continuous or stirrup-holder. Continuous assembly reinforcement is used when the steel of beams spanning from one support to the next is constructed in the workshop, including the top reinforcement and stirrups, and having to place the additional top reinforcement (or bottom in the case of foundation beams) at the supports on site. The user can choose whether or not to consider the assembly reinforcement as collaborating in regards to top reinforcement. When top compression reinforcement is required, it always collaborates. The anchorage of this assembly reinforcement is optional, with a hook or straight, as of its end or the axis, and is displayed clearly in the options dialogue box. Regarding shear walls and walls, depending on the width of the side to which the beam reaches, a l

Pagina 154-Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza rcement. This will be the
greatest obtained...

Pagina 155 - Manual de calcule CYPE CYPECAD Fisa tehnica Engleza ength or design
span equal to the...

ength or design span equal to the smaller of the following two values is calculated: • The assembly stirrup holder reinforcement is used for in-situ assembly, by placing it between the ends of the top reinforcement, using small diameter bars and a construction splice with the reinforcement. This is required so there is reinforcement holding the stirrups. It may also be used in seismic zones where the splices of the nodes are to be placed further away. It is convenient it be selected and choose what is usually used. • The distance between shear wall axes (or mid-point of the axis of the cut beam) • The free span (between faces) plus two times the depth With this criteria, the envelopes within the shear wall are obtained and the cut-off length of the reinforcement, which do not exceed the design span by a value of two depths, is also obtained. When one which does not fail cannot be found in the reinforcement tables, the required number of 25mm diameter bars will be placed. The